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Comprehensive DD on $CTYX: The OTC Biotech Stock of the Decade That Is Being Slept On

[Connectyx (OTC-PINK: CTYX). Will change to Curative Biotechnology with ticker $CURB in Q1 2021.]
I posted this on pennystocks yesterday.
Full Disclosure: I have a $6k initial position in this stock at a cost average of $.06. The stock is now at $0.155 (as of 2/6/21) with my position at $15.5k and movement is just starting.
I am not a financial advisor. I am simply a broke graduate student interested in investing and fucking retiring early. This post represents my personal views and should not be taken as financial advice. Do your own damn research and stop pumping your hard-earned cash into trending stocks on Reddit posts that are nothing but hype, rocket emojis, and a mob chat jerking each other off. Also, not a doctor! The medical content below should never be a substitute for professional medical advice.
With that said, $CTYX is going to fucking Pluto 🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀 🌑
Price Target: $0.5 by May 1, 2021; $1.25 - $3.00 (~10x) within 2 years with credible potential to be listed on NASDAQ.
This company is absolutely solid on all sides: healthy financials, an experienced & reliable management team, favorable market conditions with a reasonable business model, a solid lineup of products in its pipeline, and many large announcements anticipated within the next 3 months. Simply put, there is extreme asymmetric upside.
$CTYX or Connectyx was taken over by its current team led by CEO Paul Michaels around Feb 2020. Within a year, this CEO has kept every promise he's made and established the infrastructure for growth. The company specializes in bringing orphan drugs (more on this below) through clinical trials and then to market. Paul and his team have decades of experience in big pharma, biotech research, finance, and drug licensing/development (in-depth description in the Management Team section below). They've vetted 3 promising drug candidates in under a year and promised to start clinical trials by mid-2022. If any one of these pass phase 1/2 trials, the market cap grows by hundreds of millions. They also have a reasonable chance to obtain a Priority Review Voucher (PRV) from the FDA that is worth $100-$300M from their strategic picks. They have a clean balance sheet, acquired non-dilute bridge financing while putting these drugs through trials, and have plans of additional deals in the near future.
Why orphan drugs? Orphan drugs are therapeutics that treat rare diseases (defined as illnesses affecting less than 200k Americans per year). From the Orphan Drug Act, there are multiple incentives given by the government to develop orphan drugs: (1) significant tax credits (2) longer market exclusivity after approval (3) waiver of certain FDA fees (4) easier & faster approval process. In 2019, the global orphan drug market is estimated to be valued at $151B. By 2027, this is projected to reach $340.84B (10% compounded annual growth). This the cornerstone of their business model. By gathering a group of experts, they can cheaply vet high potential candidates to add to their development pipeline and then commercialize them from reduced fees as well as fast-track benefits from the FDA.
So why the hell is it call Connectyx? It is just the old name of a software services company which the team acquired. The company has filed for a name change that will be granted within the next 2 weeks to Curative Biotechnology Inc. with a new ticker $CURB. In addition, the CEO himself has hinted at an uplisting to $OTCQB (a certification upgrade from current pink sheet status), mergeacquisition announcements, and $100M in non-dilutive funding. The official FINRA announcement of the name change will be the catalyst for the additional news.
Some quick notes about the charts. The 15x jump in the past couple of months is only the beginning. There is a clear trend of resistance breakthroughs and medium-term consolidation after each announcement. Volatility is low, the number of outstanding shares is small, and there is limited dilutive potential for an OTC.
Let's dive deeper into this hidden gem.
All-Star Management Team
CEO Paul Michaels
Curative BioTech lucked out with a CEO with 25 years of experience in investment banking with a focus on life sciences. Paul has an impressive record, starting as the Executive Vice President and board member of Global Capital Group (a Wall Street wealth management firm). He also got extensive experience in big Pharma through Inabata & Co. Ltd, a subsidiary of a large Japanese drug company, Sumitomo Chemical Group, which totaled $21.8B in revenue in 2013 and employs over 30k people. While serving as Inabata's CFO, Paul licensed American drugs (some from Gilead) for the Asian market. After, the guy helped create Nobelpharma, an orphan drug company, which licenses drugs for rare diseases and got over $35M in initial capital.
In February 2020, Paul took over Connectyx (a software services company at the time) and made it an orphan drug company. It is extremely rare for pink-sheet companies to have such high-caliber, established talent as a leader: decades of experience with finance and leadership positions in multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical companies. He helped build up Inabata and Nobelpharam (both thriving today), and I am confident in his ability to do it again with Connectyx.
VP Communications Pam Bisikirski
Recently, Curative announced Pam as the new Vice President of Communications. She previously served as the director of marketing of National Vision for 21 years. National Vision ($EYE) is a huge optical retail, eye care, and eye-ware company that is trading near a $4B market cap on NASDAQ.
Scientific Advisory Board
Dr. Michael Grace [news] - Ph.D. in Biochemistry and BS in Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. 30 years of experience in BioPharma with top roles in names like Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NPS Pharma, and Advaxis Immunotherapies. Lead 6 products to registration and commercialization.
Dr. Ronald Bordens [news] - Ph.D. in Biotechnology with over 26 publications and over 2000 citations. 40 years in biotech and big pharma in research & development. Had a fruitful 26-year career at Schering-Plough Research.
Richard Garr [news] - Serves as Director and CEO as well as President of Neuralstem Inc. (now Seneca Biopharma, Inc. which is listed on NASDAQ as $SNCA) for 20 years. Advocate for right to try treatments in the US and Europe. Founded Access Hope CRO (contract research organization) which dedicates itself to this cause. Was founder and current Board Member of the First Star Foundation Mid-Atlantic chapter which focuses on ill children (including pediatric brain cancer).
Robust Drug Pipeline
Keep in mind this company became a biotech firm in Feb 2020 and they already have 3 drugs in the pipeline along with exclusive rights licenses. Insane.
1) IMT504 immune therapy to treat late-stage rabies.
(11/23/2020 Announcement implies IMT504 rabies license deal is complete)
Strategic relationship with Mid-Atlantic BioTherapeutics, Inc. announced on 8/27/2020. Acquired all rights for development of this patented immunotherapy to treat late-stage rabies (a disease with 100% fatality rate after the treatable period, [kills 59k](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/#:~:text=about this topic%3F-,Each year%2C rabies causes approximately 59%2C000 deaths worldwide%2C including approximately,of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).).)) globally per year).
Now, the value of this may not be in the drug approval itself (although passing trials would be a huge asset of course). The value is the potential in CTYX obtaining a Priority Review Voucher (PRV). These coupons are handed out by the FDA each year to incentivize research into rare diseases. Exercising the coupon means diminishing the approval process from 10 months to 6 after trials. Further, you can freely sell these on a secondary market to other companies! Historically, these have been sold between $100M to $300M each. If obtained, this is an instant 2x-6x increase to its current $50M market cap. There's more.. notice that the FDA has added Rabies to its PRV-eligible tropical diseases list. Currently, there is only a handful of rabies therapies being researched. This means there's actually a good chance of CYTX getting rewarded a voucher, despite the relatively low count of vouchers distributed annually. PRVs are also possible for all other drugs in the pipeline.
2) CURB906 monoclonal antibody cytotoxic conjugate for the treatment of Glioblastoma.
(10/16/2020 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights)
The second license was filed near July 2020 for a novel monoclonal antibody conjugate to treat brain cancer. Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor survival rates in children. Recent studies (e.g. s1, s2) have shown different combinations of chemo-therapy and antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) therapeutics were effective in both mice and human models. ADCs are innovative methods that attach a cytotoxic compound (one meant to kill cancer cells) to an antibody that specifically attaches to certain cancer cell receptors, thus delivering therapies to their targets. There is great promise and lots of potential in these therapeutics. Exclusive Evaluation and Commercialization Option License Agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been granted.
3) Metformin repurposed to treat retinal degeneration.
(2/4/2021 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights)
This is probably the ace in the hole and the largest reason behind the recent stock surge. On 2/4/2021, CTYX announced they received an NIH grant for exclusive worldwide rights to adapt a diabetes drug, Metformin, to treat retinal degeneration. Not only is Metformin proven safe (it is a widely used drug to treat Type1 Diabetes since 1995), there are many studies (e.g. s1, s2, s3) that hint at its effectiveness for retinal diseases. The recently granted license not only covers pediatric retinal generation (in the form of Stargardt Disease), it covers treatment in adults as well and includes macular degeneration. This promising treatment potentially covers 2/3 of the US population (2/3 of Americans are pre-diabetic, 1/10 are diabetic, and 11 million have some form of macular degeneration; why care about diabetes? diabetes causes retinopathy).
Huge Upcoming Announcements
The announced name change is the opening of the flood gates for all upcoming news. Additional licenses, uplistings, and deals with be done under the new company name. Expect many of these announcements following FINRA approval. These are some forward-looking implications:
  1. (Within 2 weeks) FINRA approval of name change to Curative Biotechnology Inc. and ticker $CURB.
  2. (Within weeks of name change) Following the name change, there will be an uplisting to OTCQB. OTCQB is a tier up from Pink Sheets and must adhere to stricter management certifications, undergo annual audits, and are more stringent in their financial reporting. Connectyx is currently working to become fully reporting OTCQB; to that end, the Company appointed Jonathan D. Leinwand, PA as Legal Counsel.
  3. (Within weeks of name change) Talk of multiple upcoming drugs (if the Metformin announcement was one of them, we should see at least one more).
  4. (Within weeks of name change) Hints at $100M of non-dilutive funding for clinical trials.
  5. (Within months of name change) Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships with other firms for licensing and commercialization.
Downsides
Before we get ahead of ourselves and dream about retiring in 3 months while riding this into space, we gotta ground ourselves and discuss the downsides. Remember: in life, there are no solutions, only tradeoffs. There are always downsides and risks.
Risk 1) This is currently a pink sheet. That itself should make you more cautious because there is reduced regulation, more "flexible" rules, and less scrutiny/transparency.
Risk 2) High risk, high reward. If all 3 drugs flop (assuming no additional therapeutics are added) and they don't get a PRV (priority review voucher), then this company is worthless. Granted, the chances are low, but still a possibility to consider.
Risk 3) Share dilution and raising capital. Because clinical trials often require obscene amounts of capital (~$400M investment for normal drugs), there is a risk that managers might dilute the stock in order to raise money or to take profits in general. There are currently 322M outstanding shares with 1.1B authorized shares. Read the share disclosures, do the math, gauge the risks. Note that orphan drug trials are a lot less costly as well.
Risks and unknowns are certainly there. However, the upside potential is too big to ignore. Buy at pennies, sell for dollars. Do the research and take advantage of any dips that might come on Monday from 2 days of green explosions.
------------------------------------------------------------
TL;DR.
Resources
Again, these are just my thoughts. For your own research, I've linked some relevant forums, analysis, grant listings, company resources, insider profiles, and other sources. Happy digging.
Company
Company Website (new website coming soon w/ new company name)
Yahoo Finance (has all their press releases, financial summaries, and prospectives)
"Prospective" Grant Listings (all grants listed have been approved)
CTYX Financial Filings
CTYX Share Structure and Security Details
Insider Personel
CEO LinkedIn (Paul M Michaels)
CSO LinkedIn (Barry A. Ginsberg)
VP Communications (Pam Bisikirski)
Chairman of Audit Committee of Board (Michael K. Fish)
Forums / Discussions
https://stocktwits.com/symbol/CTYX (~200 followers right now)
https://investorshub.advfn.com/Connectyx-Techs-Hldg-CTYX-15134/ (warning: UI is god awful)
submitted by charzhar to TheDailyDD [link] [comments]

Comprehensive DD on $CTYX: The OTC Biotech Stock of the Decade That Is Being Slept On

[Connectyx (OTC-PINK: CTYX). Will change to Curative Biotechnology with ticker $CURB in Q1 2021.]
Full Disclosure: I have a $6k initial position in this stock at a cost average of $.06. The stock is now at $0.155 (as of 2/6/21) with my position at $15.5k and movement is just starting.
I am not a financial advisor. I am simply a broke graduate student interested in investing and fucking retiring early. This post represents my personal views and should not be taken as financial advice. Do your own damn research and stop pumping your hard-earned cash into trending stocks on Reddit posts that are nothing but hype, rocket emojis, and a mob chat jerking each other off. Also, not a doctor! The medical content below should never be a substitute for professional medical advice.
With that said, $CTYX is going to fucking Pluto 🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀 🌑
Price Target: $0.5 by May 1, 2021; $1.25 - $3.00 (~10x) within 2 years with credible potential to be listed on NASDAQ.
This company is absolutely solid on all sides: healthy financials, an experienced & reliable management team, favorable market conditions with a reasonable business model, a solid lineup of products in its pipeline, and many large announcements anticipated within the next 3 months. Simply put, there is extreme asymmetric upside.
$CTYX or Connectyx was taken over by its current team led by CEO Paul Michaels around Feb 2020. Within a year, this CEO has kept every promise he's made and established the infrastructure for growth. The company specializes in bringing orphan drugs (more on this below) through clinical trials and then to market. Paul and his team have decades of experience in big pharma, biotech research, finance, and drug licensing/development (in-depth description in the Management Team section below). They've vetted 3 promising drug candidates in under a year and promised to start clinical trials by mid-2022. If any one of these pass phase 1/2 trials, the market cap grows by hundreds of millions. They also have a reasonable chance to obtain a Priority Review Voucher (PRV) from the FDA that is worth $100-$300M from their strategic picks. They have a clean balance sheet, acquired non-dilute bridge financing while putting these drugs through trials, and have plans of additional deals in the near future.
Why orphan drugs? Orphan drugs are therapeutics that treat rare diseases (defined as illnesses affecting less than 200k Americans per year). From the [Orphan Drug Act](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Orphan_Drug_Act_of_1983#:~:text=The Orphan Drug Act of,residing in the United States.)), there are multiple incentives given by the government to develop orphan drugs: (1) significant tax credits (2) longer market exclusivity after approval (3) waiver of certain FDA fees (4) easier & faster approval process. In 2019, the global orphan drug market is estimated to be valued at $151B. By 2027, this is projected to reach $340.84B (10% compounded annual growth). This the cornerstone of their business model. By gathering a group of experts, they can cheaply vet high potential candidates to add to their development pipeline and then commercialize them from reduced fees as well as fast-track benefits from the FDA.
So why the hell is it call Connectyx? It is just the old name of a software services company which the team acquired. The company has filed for a name change that will be granted within the next 2 weeks to Curative Biotechnology Inc. with a new ticker $CURB. In addition, the CEO himself has hinted at an uplisting to $OTCQB (a certification upgrade from current pink sheet status), mergeacquisition announcements, and $100M in non-dilutive funding. The official FINRA announcement of the name change will be the catalyst for the additional news.
Some quick notes about the charts. The 15x jump in the past couple of months is only the beginning. There is a clear trend of resistance breakthroughs and medium-term consolidation after each announcement. Volatility is low, the number of outstanding shares is small, and there is limited dilutive potential for an OTC.
Let's dive deeper into this hidden gem.

All-Star Management Team

CEO Paul Michaels
Curative BioTech lucked out with a CEO with 25 years of experience in investment banking with a focus on life sciences. Paul has an impressive record, starting as the Executive Vice President and board member of Global Capital Group (a Wall Street wealth management firm). He also got extensive experience in big Pharma through [Inabata & Co. Ltd's](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Inabata_%26_Co.,_Ltd.)), a subsidiary of a large Japanese drug company, Sumitomo Chemical Group, which totaled $21.8B in revenue in 2013 and employs over 30k people. While serving as Inabata's CFO, Paul licensed American drugs (some from Gilead) for the Asian market. After, the guy helped create Nobelpharma, an orphan drug company, which licenses drugs for rare diseases and got over $35M in initial capital.
In February 2020, Paul took over Connectyx (a software services company at the time) and made it an orphan drug company. It is extremely rare for pink-sheet companies to have such high-caliber, established talent as a leader: decades of experience with finance and leadership positions in multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical companies. He helped build up Inabata and Nobelpharam (both thriving today), and I am confident in his ability to do it again with Connectyx.
VP Communications Pam Bisikirski
Recently, Curative announced Pam as the new Vice President of Communications. She previously served as the director of marketing of National Vision for 21 years. National Vision ($EYE) is a huge optical retail, eye care, and eye-ware company that is trading near a $4B market cap on NASDAQ.
Scientific Advisory Board
Dr. Michael Grace [news] - Ph.D. in Biochemistry and BS in Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. 30 years of experience in BioPharma with top roles in names like Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NPS Pharma, and Advaxis Immunotherapies. Lead 6 products to registration and commercialization.
Dr. Ronald Bordens [news] - Ph.D. in Biotechnology with over 26 publications and over 2000 citations. 40 years in biotech and big pharma in research & development. Had a fruitful 26-year career at Schering-Plough Research.
Richard Garr [news] - Serves as Director and CEO as well as President of Neuralstem Inc. (now Seneca Biopharma, Inc. which is listed on NASDAQ as $SNCA) for 20 years. Advocate for right to try treatments in the US and Europe. Founded Access Hope CRO (contract research organization) which dedicates itself to this cause. Was founder and current Board Member of the First Star Foundation Mid-Atlantic chapter which focuses on ill children (including pediatric brain cancer).

Robust Drug Pipeline

Keep in mind this company became a biotech firm in Feb 2020 and they already have 3 drugs in the pipeline along with exclusive rights licenses. Insane.
1) IMT504 immune therapy to treat late-stage rabies.
(11/23/2020 Announcement implies IMT504 rabies license deal is complete)
Strategic relationship with Mid-Atlantic BioTherapeutics, Inc. announced on 8/27/2020. Acquired all rights for development of this patented immunotherapy to treat late-stage rabies (a disease with 100% fatality rate after the treatable period, [kills 59k](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/#:~:text=about this topic%3F-,Each year%2C rabies causes approximately 59%2C000 deaths worldwide%2C including approximately,of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).).)) globally per year).
Now, the value of this may not be in the drug approval itself (although passing trials would be a huge asset of course). The value is the potential in CTYX obtaining a Priority Review Voucher (PRV). These coupons are handed out by the FDA each year to incentivize research into rare diseases. Exercising the coupon means diminishing the approval process from 10 months to 6 after trials. Further, you can freely sell these on a secondary market to other companies! Historically, these have been sold between $100M to $300M each. If obtained, this is an instant 2x-6x increase to its current $50M market cap. There's more.. notice that the FDA has added Rabies to its PRV-eligible tropical diseases list. Currently, there is only a handful of rabies therapies being researched. This means there's actually a good chance of CYTX getting rewarded a voucher, despite the relatively low count of vouchers distributed annually. PRVs are also possible for all other drugs in the pipeline.
2) CURB906 monoclonal antibody cytotoxic conjugate for the treatment of Glioblastoma.
(10/16/2020 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights)
The second license was filed near July 2020 for a novel monoclonal antibody conjugate to treat brain cancer. Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor survival rates in children. Recent studies (e.g. s1, s2) have shown different combinations of chemo-therapy and antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) therapeutics were effective in both mice and human models. ADCs are innovative methods that attach a cytotoxic compound (one meant to kill cancer cells) to an antibody that specifically attaches to certain cancer cell receptors, thus delivering therapies to their targets. There is great promise and lots of potential in these therapeutics. Exclusive Evaluation and Commercialization Option License Agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been granted.
3) Metformin repurposed to treat retinal degeneration.
(2/4/2021 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights)
This is probably the ace in the hole and the largest reason behind the recent stock surge. On 2/4/2021, CTYX announced they received an NIH grant for exclusive worldwide rights to adapt a diabetes drug, Metformin, to treat retinal degeneration. Not only is Metformin proven safe (it is a widely used drug to treat Type1 Diabetes since 1995), there are many studies (e.g. s1, s2, s3) that hint at its effectiveness for retinal diseases. The recently granted license not only covers pediatric retinal generation (in the form of Stargardt Disease), it covers treatment in adults as well and includes macular degeneration. This promising treatment potentially covers 2/3 of the US population (2/3 of Americans are pre-diabetic, 1/10 are diabetic, and 11 million have some form of macular degeneration; why care about diabetes? diabetes causes retinopathy).

Huge Upcoming Announcements

The announced name change is the opening of the flood gates for all upcoming news. Additional licenses, uplistings, and deals with be done under the new company name. Expect many of these announcements following FINRA approval. These are some forward-looking implications:
​
  1. (Within 2 weeks) FINRA approval of name change to Curative Biotechnology Inc. and ticker $CURB.
  2. (Within weeks of name change) Following the name change, there will be an uplisting to OTCQB. OTCQB is a tier up from Pink Sheets and must adhere to stricter management certifications, undergo annual audits, and are more stringent in their financial reporting. Connectyx is currently working to become fully reporting OTCQB; to that end, the Company appointed Jonathan D. Leinwand, PA as Legal Counsel.
  3. (Within weeks of name change) Talk of multiple upcoming drugs (if the Metformin announcement was one of them, we should see at least one more).
  4. (Within weeks of name change) Hints at $100M of non-dilutive funding for clinical trials.
  5. (Within months of name change) Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships with other firms for licensing and commercialization.

Downsides

Before we get ahead of ourselves and dream about retiring in 3 months while riding this into space, we gotta ground ourselves and discuss the downsides. Remember: in life, there are no solutions, only tradeoffs. There are always downsides and risks.
Risk 1) This is currently a pink sheet. That itself should make you more cautious because there is reduced regulation, more "flexible" rules, and less scrutiny/transparency.
Risk 2) High risk, high reward. If all 3 drugs flop (assuming no additional therapeutics are added) and they don't get a PRV (priority review voucher), then this company is worthless. Granted, the chances are low, but still a possibility to consider.
Risk 3) Share dilution and raising capital. Because clinical trials often require obscene amounts of capital (~$400M investment for normal drugs), there is a risk that managers might dilute the stock in order to raise money or to take profits in general. There are currently 322M outstanding shares with 1.1B authorized shares. Read the share disclosures, do the math, gauge the risks. Note that orphan drug trials are a lot less costly as well.
Risks and unknowns are certainly there. However, the upside potential is too big to ignore. Buy at pennies, sell for dollars. Do the research and take advantage of any dips that might come on Monday from 2 days of green explosions.
​
------------------------------------------------------------
TL;DR.
​

Resources

Again, these are just my thoughts. For your own research, I've linked some relevant forums, analysis, grant listings, company resources, insider profiles, and other sources. Happy digging.
Company
Company Website (new website coming soon w/ new company name)
Yahoo Finance (has all their press releases, financial summaries, and prospectives)
"Prospective" Grant Listings (all grants listed have been approved)
CTYX Financial Filings
CTYX Share Structure and Security Details
Insider Personel
CEO LinkedIn (Paul M Michaels)
CSO LinkedIn (Barry A. Ginsberg)
VP Communications (Pam Bisikirski)
Chairman of Audit Committee of Board (Michael K. Fish)
Forums / Discussions
https://stocktwits.com/symbol/CTYX (~200 followers right now)
https://investorshub.advfn.com/Connectyx-Techs-Hldg-CTYX-15134/ (warning: UI is god awful)
submitted by charzhar to pennystocks [link] [comments]

Comprehensive DD on $CTYX: The OTC Biotech Stock of the Decade That Is Being Slept On

[Connectyx (OTC-PINK: CTYX). Will change to Curative Biotechnology with ticker $CURB in Q1 2021.]
Full Disclosure: I have a $6k initial position in this stock at a cost average of $.06. The stock is now at $0.155 (as of 2/6/21) with my position at $15.5k and movement is just starting.
I am not a financial advisor. I am simply a broke graduate student interested in investing and fucking retiring early. This post represents my personal views and should not be taken as financial advice. Do your own damn research and stop pumping your hard-earned cash into trending stocks on Reddit posts that are nothing but hype, rocket emojis, and a mob chat jerking each other off. Also, not a doctor! The medical content below should never be a substitute for professional medical advice.
With that said, $CTYX is going to fucking Pluto 🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀 🌑
Price Target: $0.5 by May 1, 2021; $1.25 - $3.00 (~10x) within 2 years with credible potential to be listed on NASDAQ.
This company is absolutely solid on all sides: healthy financials, an experienced & reliable management team, favorable market conditions with a reasonable business model, a solid lineup of products in its pipeline, and many large announcements anticipated within the next 3 months. Simply put, there is extreme asymmetric upside.
$CTYX or Connectyx was taken over by its current team led by CEO Paul Michaels around Feb 2020. Within a year, this CEO has kept every promise he's made and established the infrastructure for growth. The company specializes in bringing orphan drugs (more on this below) through clinical trials and then to market. Paul and his team have decades of experience in big pharma, biotech research, finance, and drug licensing/development (in-depth description in the Management Team section below). They've vetted 3 promising drug candidates in under a year and promised to start clinical trials by mid-2022. If any one of these pass phase 1/2 trials, the market cap grows by hundreds of millions. They also have a reasonable chance to obtain a Priority Review Voucher (PRV) from the FDA that is worth $100-$300M from their strategic picks. They have a clean balance sheet, acquired non-dilute bridge financing while putting these drugs through trials, and have plans of additional deals in the near future.
Why orphan drugs? Orphan drugs are therapeutics that treat rare diseases (defined as illnesses affecting less than 200k Americans per year). From the [Orphan Drug Act](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Orphan_Drug_Act_of_1983#:~:text=The Orphan Drug Act of,residing in the United States.)), there are multiple incentives given by the government to develop orphan drugs: (1) significant tax credits (2) longer market exclusivity after approval (3) waiver of certain FDA fees (4) easier & faster approval process. In 2019, the global orphan drug market is estimated to be valued at $151B. By 2027, this is projected to reach $340.84B (10% compounded annual growth). This the cornerstone of their business model. By gathering a group of experts, they can cheaply vet high potential candidates to add to their development pipeline and then commercialize them from reduced fees as well as fast-track benefits from the FDA.
So why the hell is it call Connectyx? It is just the old name of a software services company which the team acquired. The company has filed for a name change that will be granted within the next 2 weeks to Curative Biotechnology Inc. with a new ticker $CURB. In addition, the CEO himself has hinted at an uplisting to $OTCQB (a certification upgrade from current pink sheet status), mergeacquisition announcements, and $100M in non-dilutive funding. The official FINRA announcement of the name change will be the catalyst for the additional news.
Some quick notes about the charts. The 15x jump in the past couple of months is only the beginning. There is a clear trend of resistance breakthroughs and medium-term consolidation after each announcement. Volatility is low, the number of outstanding shares is small, and there is limited dilutive potential for an OTC.
Let's dive deeper into this hidden gem.
All-Star Management Team
CEO Paul Michaels
Curative BioTech lucked out with a CEO with 25 years of experience in investment banking with a focus on life sciences. Paul has an impressive record, starting as the Executive Vice President and board member of Global Capital Group (a Wall Street wealth management firm). He also got extensive experience in big Pharma through [Inabata & Co. Ltd's](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Inabata_%26_Co.,_Ltd.)), a subsidiary of a large Japanese drug company, Sumitomo Chemical Group, which totaled $21.8B in revenue in 2013 and employs over 30k people. While serving as Inabata's CFO, Paul licensed American drugs (some from Gilead) for the Asian market. After, the guy helped create Nobelpharma, an orphan drug company, which licenses drugs for rare diseases and got over $35M in initial capital.
In February 2020, Paul took over Connectyx (a software services company at the time) and made it an orphan drug company. It is extremely rare for pink-sheet companies to have such high-caliber, established talent as a leader: decades of experience with finance and leadership positions in multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical companies. He helped build up Inabata and Nobelpharam (both thriving today), and I am confident in his ability to do it again with Connectyx.
VP Communications Pam Bisikirski
Recently, Curative announced Pam as the new Vice President of Communications. She previously served as the director of marketing of National Vision for 21 years. National Vision ($EYE) is a huge optical retail, eye care, and eye-ware company that is trading near a $4B market cap on NASDAQ.
Scientific Advisory Board
Dr. Michael Grace [news] - Ph.D. in Biochemistry and BS in Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. 30 years of experience in BioPharma with top roles in names like Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NPS Pharma, and Advaxis Immunotherapies. Lead 6 products to registration and commercialization.
Dr. Ronald Bordens [news] - Ph.D. in Biotechnology with over 26 publications and over 2000 citations. 40 years in biotech and big pharma in research & development. Had a fruitful 26-year career at Schering-Plough Research.
Richard Garr [news] - Serves as Director and CEO as well as President of Neuralstem Inc. (now Seneca Biopharma, Inc. which is listed on NASDAQ as $SNCA) for 20 years. Advocate for right to try treatments in the US and Europe. Founded Access Hope CRO (contract research organization) which dedicates itself to this cause. Was founder and current Board Member of the First Star Foundation Mid-Atlantic chapter which focuses on ill children (including pediatric brain cancer).
Robust Drug Pipeline
Keep in mind this company became a biotech firm in Feb 2020 and they already have 3 drugs in the pipeline along with exclusive rights licenses. Insane.
1) IMT504 immune therapy to treat late-stage rabies.
(11/23/2020 Announcement implies IMT504 rabies license deal is complete)
Strategic relationship with Mid-Atlantic BioTherapeutics, Inc. announced on 8/27/2020. Acquired all rights for development of this patented immunotherapy to treat late-stage rabies (a disease with 100% fatality rate after the treatable period, [kills 59k](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/#:~:text=about this topic%3F-,Each year%2C rabies causes approximately 59%2C000 deaths worldwide%2C including approximately,of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).).)) globally per year).
Now, the value of this may not be in the drug approval itself (although passing trials would be a huge asset of course). The value is the potential in CTYX obtaining a Priority Review Voucher (PRV). These coupons are handed out by the FDA each year to incentivize research into rare diseases. Exercising the coupon means diminishing the approval process from 10 months to 6 after trials. Further, you can freely sell these on a secondary market to other companies! Historically, these have been sold between $100M to $300M each. If obtained, this is an instant 2x-6x increase to its current $50M market cap. There's more.. notice that the FDA has added Rabies to its PRV-eligible tropical diseases list. Currently, there is only a handful of rabies therapies being researched. This means there's actually a good chance of CYTX getting rewarded a voucher, despite the relatively low count of vouchers distributed annually. PRVs are also possible for all other drugs in the pipeline.
2) CURB906 monoclonal antibody cytotoxic conjugate for the treatment of Glioblastoma.
(10/16/2020 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights)
The second license was filed near July 2020 for a novel monoclonal antibody conjugate to treat brain cancer. Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor survival rates in children. Recent studies (e.g. s1, s2) have shown different combinations of chemo-therapy and antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) therapeutics were effective in both mice and human models. ADCs are innovative methods that attach a cytotoxic compound (one meant to kill cancer cells) to an antibody that specifically attaches to certain cancer cell receptors, thus delivering therapies to their targets. There is great promise and lots of potential in these therapeutics. Exclusive Evaluation and Commercialization Option License Agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been granted.
3) Metformin repurposed to treat retinal degeneration.
(2/4/2021 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights)
This is probably the ace in the hole and the largest reason behind the recent stock surge. On 2/4/2021, CTYX announced they received an NIH grant for exclusive worldwide rights to adapt a diabetes drug, Metformin, to treat retinal degeneration. Not only is Metformin proven safe (it is a widely used drug to treat Type1 Diabetes since 1995), there are many studies (e.g. s1, s2, s3) that hint at its effectiveness for retinal diseases. The recently granted license not only covers pediatric retinal generation (in the form of Stargardt Disease), it covers treatment in adults as well and includes macular degeneration. This promising treatment potentially covers 2/3 of the US population (2/3 of Americans are pre-diabetic, 1/10 are diabetic, and 11 million have some form of macular degeneration; why care about diabetes? diabetes causes retinopathy).
Huge Upcoming Announcements
The announced name change is the opening of the flood gates for all upcoming news. Additional licenses, uplistings, and deals with be done under the new company name. Expect many of these announcements following FINRA approval. These are some forward-looking implications:
  1. (Within 2 weeks) FINRA approval of name change to Curative Biotechnology Inc. and ticker $CURB.
  2. (Within weeks of name change) Following the name change, there will be an uplisting to OTCQB. OTCQB is a tier up from Pink Sheets and must adhere to stricter management certifications, undergo annual audits, and are more stringent in their financial reporting. Connectyx is currently working to become fully reporting OTCQB; to that end, the Company appointed Jonathan D. Leinwand, PA as Legal Counsel.
  3. (Within weeks of name change) Talk of multiple upcoming drugs (if the Metformin announcement was one of them, we should see at least one more).
  4. (Within weeks of name change) Hints at $100M of non-dilutive funding for clinical trials.
  5. (Within months of name change) Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships with other firms for licensing and commercialization.
Downsides
Before we get ahead of ourselves and dream about retiring in 3 months while riding this into space, we gotta ground ourselves and discuss the downsides. Remember: in life, there are no solutions, only tradeoffs. There are always downsides and risks.
Risk 1) This is currently a pink sheet. That itself should make you more cautious because there is reduced regulation, more "flexible" rules, and less scrutiny/transparency.
Risk 2) High risk, high reward. If all 3 drugs flop (assuming no additional therapeutics are added) and they don't get a PRV (priority review voucher), then this company is worthless. Granted, the chances are low, but still a possibility to consider.
Risk 3) Share dilution and raising capital. Because clinical trials often require obscene amounts of capital (~$400M investment for normal drugs), there is a risk that managers might dilute the stock in order to raise money or to take profits in general. There are currently 322M outstanding shares with 1.1B authorized shares. Read the share disclosures, do the math, gauge the risks. Note that orphan drug trials are a lot less costly as well.
Risks and unknowns are certainly there. However, the upside potential is too big to ignore. Buy at pennies, sell for dollars. Do the research and take advantage of any dips that might come on Monday from 2 days of green explosions.
------------------------------------------------------------
TL;DR.
Resources
Again, these are just my thoughts. For your own research, I've linked some relevant forums, analysis, grant listings, company resources, insider profiles, and other sources. Happy digging.
Company
Company Website (new website coming soon w/ new company name)
Yahoo Finance (has all their press releases, financial summaries, and prospectives)
"Prospective" Grant Listings (all grants listed have been approved)
CTYX Financial Filings
CTYX Share Structure and Security Details
Insider Personel
CEO LinkedIn (Paul M Michaels)
CSO LinkedIn (Barry A. Ginsberg)
VP Communications (Pam Bisikirski)
Chairman of Audit Committee of Board (Michael K. Fish)
Forums / Discussions
https://stocktwits.com/symbol/CTYX (~200 followers right now)
https://investorshub.advfn.com/Connectyx-Techs-Hldg-CTYX-15134/ (warning: UI is god awful)
submitted by charzhar to investing [link] [comments]

Why isn't there a "Real" counterpart to the Complex Conjugate?

Before you say "Multiply by -1" that's not what I mean.
I mean if z=a+bi and z*=a-bi why shouldn't there be another operation like z`=-a+bi ?
Is it just not useful? Are there no situations that this arises?
And I know that as long as you define stuff you can do what you like in a maths proof but the spirit of the question is more about why I've never seen a symbol for that operation of flipping over the imaginary axis the way conjugates flip over the real one.
Bonus Question: Are there analogues for conjugates in quaternions that flip in some other way? I know rotation is defined as "about a plane" rather than an axis once you get to higher dimensions so do you need to flip two signs at a time? (I've read up on higher dimensions but not so much on quaternions so please baby me when answering this part of the question.)
submitted by sa08MilneB57 to mathematics [link] [comments]

.

Basic Math Symbols

SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample=equals signequality5 = 2+35 is equal to 2+3≠not equal signinequality5 ≠ 45 is not equal to 4≈approximately equalapproximationsin(0.01) ≈ 0.01,x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y>strict inequalitygreater than5 > 45 is greater than 4Download the printable chart here- Basic Math Symbols

2. Algebra Symbols

SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExamplexx variableunknown value to findwhen 2x = 4, then x = 2≡equivalenceidentical ton/a≜equal by definitionequal by definitionn/a:=equal by definitionequal by definitionn/a~approximately equalweak approximation11 ~ 10≈approximately equalapproximationsin(0.01) ≈ 0.01∝proportional toproportional toy ∝ x when y = kx, k constant∞lemniscateinfinity symboln/a≪much less thanmuch less than1 ≪ 1000000≫much greater thanmuch greater than1000000 ≫ 1( )parenthesescalculate expression inside first2 * (3+5) = 16[ ]bracketscalculate expression inside first[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18{ }bracessetn/a⌊x⌋floor bracketsrounds number to lower integer⌊4.3⌋ = 4⌈x⌉ceiling bracketsrounds number to upper integer⌈4.3⌉ = 5x!exclamation markfactorial4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24| x |single vertical barabsolute value| -5 | = 5f (x)function of xmaps values of x to f(x)f (x) = 3x+5(f ∘ g)function composition(f ∘ g) (x) = f (g(x))f (x)=3x,g(x)=x-1 ⇒(f ∘ g)(x)=3(x-1)(a,b)open interval(a,b) = {x | a < x < b}x∈ (2,6)[a,b]closed interval[a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}x ∈ [2,6]∆deltachange / difference∆t = t1 - t0∆discriminantΔ = b2 - 4acn/a∑sigmasummation - sum of all values in range of series∑ xi= x1+x2+...+xn∑∑sigmadouble summation📷∏capital piproduct - product of all values in range of series∏ xi=x1∙x2∙...∙xnee constant / Euler's numbere = 2.718281828...e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞γEuler-Mascheroni constantγ = 0.5772156649...n/aφgolden ratiogolden ratio constantn/aπpi constantπ = 3.141592654...is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circlec = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅rDownload the printable chart here- Algebra Symbols

3. Geometry Symbols

SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample∠angleformed by two rays∠ABC = 30°📷measured angle n/a📷ABC = 30°📷spherical angle n/a📷AOB = 30°∟right angle= 90°α = 90°°degree1 turn = 360°α = 60°degdegree1 turn = 360degα = 60deg′primearcminute, 1° = 60′α = 60°59′″double primearcsecond, 1′ = 60″α = 60°59′59″📷lineinfinite line n/aABline segmentline from point A to point B n/a📷rayline that start from point A n/a📷arcarc from point A to point B📷= 60°⊥perpendicularperpendicular lines (90° angle)AC ⊥ BC∥parallelparallel linesAB ∥ CD≅congruent toequivalence of geometric shapes and size∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ~similaritysame shapes, not same size∆ABC ~ ∆XYZΔtriangletriangle shapeΔABC ≅ ΔBCD|x-y|distancedistance between points x and y| x-y | = 5πpi constantπ = 3.141592654...is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circlec = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅rradradiansradians angle unit360° = 2π radcradiansradians angle unit360° = 2π cgradgradians / gonsgrads angle unit360° = 400 gradggradians / gonsgrads angle unit360° = 400 gDownload the printable chart here- Geometric Symbol

4. Set Theory Symbols

SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample{ }seta collection of elementsA = {3,7,9,14}, B = {9,14,28}|such thatso thatA = {x | x∈📷, x<0}A⋂Bintersectionobjects that belong to set A and set BA ⋂ B = {9,14}A⋃Bunionobjects that belong to set A or set BA ⋃ B = {3,7,9,14,28}A⊆BsubsetA is a subset of B. set A is included in set B.{9,14,28} ⊆ {9,14,28}A⊂Bproper subset / strict subsetA is a subset of B, but A is not equal to B.{9,14} ⊂ {9,14,28}A⊄Bnot subsetset A is not a subset of set B{9,66} ⊄ {9,14,28}A⊇BsupersetA is a superset of B. set A includes set B{9,14,28} ⊇ {9,14,28}A⊃Bproper superset / strict supersetA is a superset of B, but B is not equal to A.{9,14,28} ⊃ {9,14}A⊅Bnot supersetset A is not a superset of set B{9,14,28} ⊅ {9,66}2Apower setall subsets of A n/a📷power setall subsets of A n/aA=Bequalityboth sets have the same membersA={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=BAccomplementall the objects that do not belong to set A n/aA'complementall the objects that do not belong to set A n/aA\Brelative complementobjects that belong to A and not to BA = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A \ B = {9,14}A-Brelative complementobjects that belong to A and not to BA = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A - B = {9,14}A∆Bsymmetric differenceobjects that belong to A or B but not to their intersectionA = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A ∆ B = {1,2,9,14}A⊖Bsymmetric differenceobjects that belong to A or B but not to their intersectionA = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A ⊖ B = {1,2,9,14}a∈Aelement of, belongs toset membershipA={3,9,14}, 3 ∈ Ax∉Anot element ofno set membershipA={3,9,14}, 1 ∉ A(a,b)ordered paircollection of 2 elements n/aA×Bcartesian productset of all ordered pairs from A and B n/a|A|cardinalitythe number of elements of set AA={3,9,14}, |A|=3#Acardinalitythe number of elements of set AA={3,9,14}, #A=3📷aleph-nullinfinite cardinality of natural numbers set n/a📷aleph-onecardinality of countable ordinal numbers set n/aØempty setØ = {}A = Ø📷universal setset of all possible values n/a📷0natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero)📷0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...}0 ∈📷0📷1natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero)📷1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...}6 ∈📷1📷integer numbers set📷= {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...}-6 ∈📷📷rational numbers set📷= {x | x=a/b, a,b∈📷and b≠0}2/6 ∈📷📷real numbers set📷= {x | -∞ < x <∞}6.343434 ∈📷📷complex numbers set📷= {z | z=a+bi, -∞<a<∞, -∞<b<∞}6+2i ∈📷Download the printable chart here- Set Theory Symbols

5. Calculus & Analysis Symbols

SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample📷limitlimit value of a function n/aεepsilonrepresents a very small number, near zeroε → 0ee constant / Euler's numbere = 2.718281828...e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞y 'derivativederivative - Lagrange's notation(3x3)' = 9x2y ''second derivativederivative of derivative(3x3)'' = 18xy(n)nth derivativen times derivation(3x3)(3) = 18📷derivativederivative - Leibniz's notationd(3x3)/dx = 9x2📷second derivativederivative of derivatived2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x📷nth derivativen times derivation n/a📷time derivativederivative by time - Newton's notation n/a📷time second derivativederivative of derivative n/aDx yderivativederivative - Euler's notation n/aDx2ysecond derivativederivative of derivative n/a📷partial derivative n/a∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x∫integralopposite to derivation ∫ f(x)dx∬double integralintegration of function of 2 variables ∫∫ f(x,y)dxdy∭triple integralintegration of function of 3 variables ∫∫∫ f(x,y,z)dxdydz∮closed contour / line integral n/a n/a∯closed surface integral n/a n/a∰closed volume integral n/a n/a[a,b]closed interval[a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} n/a(a,b)open interval(a,b) = {x | a < x < b} n/aiimaginary uniti ≡ √-1z = 3 + 2iz*complex conjugatez = a+bi → z*=a-biz\* = 3 + 2izcomplex conjugatez = a+bi → z = a-biz = 3 + 2i∇nabla / delgradient / divergence operator∇f (x,y,z)📷vector n/a n/a📷unit vector n/a n/ax * yconvolutiony(t) = x(t) * h(t) n/a📷Laplace transformF(s) =📷{f (t)} n/a📷Fourier transformX(ω) =📷{f (t)} n/aδdelta function n/a n/a∞lemniscateinfinity symbol n/a
submitted by CherryJello312 to WhatsTheRule [link] [comments]

Tips and advice for current/future IB students

Okay, so, I am going to break down this guide into the subjects which I took. Use Control F to read about the subjects you want because this guide is quite long.
SL: English A Language & Literature, Spanish Ab Initio, Mathematics
HL: Biology, Chemistry, Economics
First of all, a huge shoutout to everyone on this sub for all of the help they gave me during the IB, specifically all of those resources and all of the memes to keep me going. A special thanks to the mods who keep the place in control too :).
~~~
English A Language & Literature SL
Paper 1:
With this paper, I cannot stress enough how much you need to PRACTICE. Practice is the absolute key to being successful on this paper. You could get literally any type of text on this paper, and for this reason you need to practice as much as possible on all of the possible text types (these can be found in the subject guide). Before the exam, try to memorise some of the conventions of each text type to show off to the examiner your text knowledge. I was a teacher who made each person in the class do a list of conventions for each text then send it to the class, but if not you may want to try and do this. I get that practice can take a ton of time, so for this reason just annotate the texts that come up in Paper 1's, you do not need to write the full essay. You also may want to make a list of all of the stylistic devices which come up, and their relevance (I have a sheet of these which I can upload if anyone wants it).
Specifically when actually writing this paper, you want to link all of your analysis to one main idea, which our teacher taught us to be the PURPOSE of the text. So, if in doubt during the exam, link things to the purpose of the text, and make sure you actually believe in the purpose that you are writing about, because if not you will struggle to avoid going on a tangent. In each of your analysis paragraphs start off with a topic sentence i.e. "X text uses Y feature to convey the purpose", then do your analysis then finish off with a link back to the purpose. If you are struggling to think of points to make in your essay, just think of the BIG 5 (Purpose, Themes, Stylistic Devices, Mood and Structure). Also, remember 1 thing, every single thing on the text is there for a reason, so you can analyse everything i.e. Pictures (I have a note sheet on how to analyse pictures as well, if anyone wants it let me know and I can upload it), Slogans, Titles, Captions, etc.
Paper 2:
First thing that I will say for this is please read the books, like there is no way around it. My teacher gave us a booklet of quotes for both texts that we studied for the exam (Miss Julie and Never Let Me Go), and it was still useless until I actually read both books. To be honest, there is nothing more valuable for Paper 2 then listening in class. When you read the books and listen to class discussion on them, you begin to understand the themes, moods, characters and plots further, and you begin to articulate your own opinions on the texts which is KEY for the exam. What you want to do ahead of the exam is make notes through specific quotes, and you want to link all of them to context. No matter which question you choose to answer, you must include context to score highly. During the exam you need to make a judgement call on which quotes that you have memorized fit the question best, and if the quotes do not fit the questions perfectly, don't worry. A big part to scoring highly on Paper 2 is your close analysis (i.e. talking about denotations and connotations of words and phrases), so if you do have to choose quotes which don't perfectly fit, you inbed analysis perfectly.
Also, ANALYSE your quotes before the exam, and memorize some of that analysis, because if you can memorize links to context and some of the more complex literary devices, it will help you when writing your essay. With your quotes, you want to be able to link all of them to at least one character, symbol and one piece of context. LitCharts can do this for you luckily, and it is really good at doing it, and I used them so much when revising for exams. Two final things before I finish the Paper 2 section: Have faith in yourself because it can screw you over when you change your strategy on the actual exam day (I learned about this from my mocks), and you do not need too many quotes to be successful, I think I had 7-8 for each book and I was fine. You want to PRACTICE as much as possible before this paper, and you do not have to write full essays, you can simply plan them and use your quotes for them.
IOC, FOA and Written Task:
Before I took this class, I absolutely hated English, and it was a huge relief to learn that you can have 50% of your final grade decided prior to even writing an exam, so take advantage of this! This means that your FOA, IOC and Written Task are incredibly important. If you nail these, you can afford to have a bad day on Paper 1 if your texts aren't too good, and it can be a source of relief if you don't think your exams went well. In your IOC, you want to prepare by looking at the extracts which your teacher has given you (if they give any), or read your book constantly and try to analyze any quote that you think is gold when reading (A good exersize for this is opening a random page of your texts, and just analysing everything). When it comes to the actual thing, I would recommend bringing 4 or 5 different highlighters into the exam, and highlighting the quotes with the theme you think that they link to, so that you have some structure set for your IOC, and then you can weave between these and make some creative points. You want to learn about your stylistic devices, links to the rest of the text and links to context as these are what can help you to score highly.
In your FOA, I'm not sure if your teacher will give you prompt on what you should do it on but if they do not, I would reccomend doing it on comparing two famous speeches. I did this with one of my best mates who I had a lot of trust in, and we compared a Winston Churchill speech to the Barack Obama Inaugural Speech. We both found this okay because the speeches have a TON of techniques inside them which you can show off in your FOA. So, if anyone were to ask me what to do an FOA on, I would say that. Just search up some of the world's most famous speeches, and choose one which interests you. No matter what topic you choose, analyse specific extracts on them for stylistic devices, aristotelian appeals (i.e. Ethos, Pathos, Logos (Which you can include in Papers 1 and 2 as well)), mood, themes and effects of what they do. Do video recorded practices before you do it and ask yourself questions on what is uncertain and what more you could include and you should be good.
Your written task on it's own is worth 20%, so try as hard as you can on making sure that you nail this completely. Our class was made to do 3 of these, and then we had to submit one, and I think doing 3 was the perfect amount. Even if you think that your first one is great, try as hard as possible on all 3, because naturally your analysis skills will get better over your time in the course so a similar amount of effort can produce better work. Plus, it gives you a choice on what you actually want to submit at the end of the course. Since you have a lot of independence on this, and it is technically not mean't to be an "essay", I would choose something that I enjoy, as you will put more effort into it. The written task I ended up submitting was on my IOC texts, as I surprisingly enjoyed writing that the most, but you have many options on what you can write it on (all the way from writing to an editor criticizing their recent article to writing as a person from your text to your family member (which is what I did)).
~~~
Spanish Ab Initio
Paper 1:
I got a 5 in Spanish Ab Initio (1 mark off of a 6), so I do not think that I can give you the best advice ever. But basically, in my opinion, the bottom line with this is that you need to do two things: Learn a ton of vocab ahead of the exam and do practice papers (add any words which you don't understand into something like a quizlet set so that you can learn it). I just want to give some fair warning before anyone takes this class, IT IS NOT EASY and effort needs to be made to do well in the exam (After exams I realized I probably should've revised a lot more for this, so don't be like me and do small amounts of revision over the two years). The grade boundaries are really high because fluent people take the exams, so you need to have a good understanding of Spanish to get a 7. Process of elimination can be really helpful for the Paper 1 exams if you are in doubt, and during reading time you want to skim through the texts and FOCUS ON WHAT YOU KNOW rather than dwelling on what you do not understand, because that will not get you anywhere.
Paper 2:
One thing that you should probably know before you do this exam is that 12% (3/25) of the marks are just FORMATTING, so please learn how to format all of the different text types. For this exam what you want to know is your conjugations for about 6/7 tenses which you can use (Present, present continuous, future, near future, conditional, imperfect and preterite were the ones I learned), but I would say to learn tenses continuously over the 2 years so that it becomes second nature to you after a while. I didn't do this and on the exam day I wanted to conjugate some irregular verbs, and struggled to as it does not stick to memory too well. The people who got level 7's in my class also knew some more of the complex tenses such as Pluperfect and subjunctive, but you don't need to know the full tense necessarily, just memorize some general phrases in these two tenses which you can use in your writing. Doing practice papers for both paper 1 and 2 will help you to get a grasp of common types of questions and topics which also come up, so practice!
Speaking Exam and Written Assignment:
A large chunk of your final Spanish Ab Initio exam grade is, similarly to English Lang Lit, decided before you actually take the exam. So, once again, I will say take advantage of this. When it comes to the speaking exam, a lot of it does come down to your luck on the day, especially when it comes to preparing for the picture which you may recieve. What I did to prepare for this initial part of the exam was think of all of the possible kinds of photos I could get (i.e. A market, street, beach, campsite, factory, etc.) and would think of what I would say for each picture in English, then simply translate those words to Spanish and make Quizlet sets with it. Following this, for the questions part of the exam, I thought of questions in specific topic areas (Family, individuals, holidays, environment, the area you live, sports, health, etc.) which could come up (Paper 2 writing prompts can actually help you to come up with these), and write model answers to these. I may have some sheets of possible questions, if you guys would like me to upload them. Oh, 1 more thing, during your prep time for the Speaking exam, when thinking about how to descirbe the picture, divide the picture into 9 equally sized squares, and describe them one by one. This enables you to actually describe the photo but also show to the examiner that you know your words for location, so memorize location words (i.e. On the right, next to, behind, etc.).
Regarding the written assignment, it took me a long time to think of a topic which actually interested me, and that I knew that I could score highly on. I initially wanted to do one on comparing a typical football matchday in England to that in Spain, but someone in my class had taken it, so mine was on public transport. And, if you are stuck on which topic to choose, I would say do one on public transport. I scored 19/20 on my written assignment, and doing a written assignment on public transport allowed me to show off a lot of knowledge. In order to make it incredibly clear to the examiner that you are formatting your assignment correctly, I would have seperately bolded sections which say: Description, Comparison and Reflection. You must remember that the reflection is worth the most marks, so you should use most of your words there, since your word limit is so low. In your description, you only need 3 facts about your topic in the Spanish speaking country and in your comparison I would recommend doing 2 similarities and 2 differences in the cultures as your writing is more balanced then. When writing your reflection, I would use the same facts as the ones in your comparison so that your writing flows and is easier to understand. In the reflection, try to give some opinion phrases, which are both negative and positive, and try to link it to wider topic areas (so for me, that was talking about the environment).
~~~
Mathematics SL:
Paper 1 and 2:
Following learning everything on the syllabus (be sure to read the actual subject guide), past papers are your best friend. In my opinion, all of the textbooks that I came across for Mathematics SL were okay at teaching the topics, but when it came to the practice questions, they were average at best. The textbook questions just are never like the exam questions, and I feel like if I had spent more time doing past papers (starting from the very beginning), I could have finished with a level 7. The IB Questionbank is fantastic for this as it breaks down questions by topic and paper, so you know exactly what you are practising. If you can afford it, Revision Village is fantastic as well, because it does what the Questionbank does, but also breaks them down by difficulty and works you through problems. During the actual exam, check your work as you go, because it sucks to have done so much hard work on a section B question, only to find out that you made a small error in the first part.
The IB has started to like asking more obscure and application based questions in Mathematics SL now, so practice these as much as you possibly can. Also, when doing the actual exam, look at how many marks each question is worth, this can save you big time. I ended up missing out on a level 7 by one mark, and I was so annoyed to see that because I remember spending 5 minutes just staring at a 2 mark trigonometry question which was just asking about SOHCAHTOA. Wasting time on that question prevented me from answering a probability question (about 6-8 marks total) at the end of the paper, so MOVE ON if you do not understand what a question is asking. In Paper 2, you have got a calculator for a reason, so use it for all of the questions, and for questions where you do not have to actually write too much, write "used GDC" on the paper, and quickly sketch graphs as necessary, to make it clear to the examiner. On some questions which require more work, I would recommend checking and working backwards with a different method i.e. On a quadratic question which asks you to solve by completing the square, check with your graph or simple factorizing.
Internal Assessment / The Exploration:
The first thing I will say, and I believe this applies to all of the IA's is: Choose a topic which interests you. I ended up doing one on a topic which related to my HL Economics class to show some personal engagement, but I feel as though I would have done a bit better if I had chosen something which interested me more. In Maths, you really want to map out what your start point is and what you want to have learned by the end, then you can actually plan the logistics of what happens in between. It will also help you to stay motivated and avoid getting confused and stressed when writing it, which can mean that you put more effort into writing it as well.
In addition, I would say the IA does not have to be too complex, I ended up including topics which were a bit above SL level, but some people in my class scored higher than me even with just including SL material. Furthermore, I would say that once you have chosen a certain area of maths that you want to focus on, stick to it, and do not integrate more topics into it because you can really show off your use of mathematics if you have a strong focus in one area. Majority of the points in the IA are not actually specifically maths related, so make sure that you format your IA correctly, and make sure that is easy to both read and understand.
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Biology HL
Paper 1:
Okay, unfortunately it must be said, you kinda need to know everything for all 3 Biology HL papers because the topics which come up, especially in Paper 1's, vary year on year so you need to be prepared for anything. Paper 1 tests the most random areas of the syllabus, and requires you to know many small details in topic areas. To remember these specifics for this paper, I would recommend learning via quizlet sets and mnemonics (i.e. King Phillip Came Over For Gay Sex (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) for the heirarchy of taxa (Yeah, its weird. I had the same reaction when our teacher told us it, but you remember it.)). On each of the 40 questions they test different areas of the syllabus, and now they love to test people on application points on the syllabus, so learn all of these. There are 2 general things which you can keep your eye out for: The first one being that whenever an image is shown, read the link to see if it gives any hints on the answer, you would be surprised how often it gives it away. The second being, if you know the order of the topics in the syllabus, this is typically the order in which they ask questions in Paper 1, so you usually know the first questions are on cells and the last ones are on human physiology (so if one of the options seems far fetched based on where it is found in the syllabus you know it is not true).
Paper 2:
First thing that I want to say for Paper 2 is practice data based questions, as you are doing revision for the actual exams and are memorizing content, take half an hour out of your Biology revision to just do data based questions. You need practice for those to be able to read graphs quickly, and be able to interpret many of them at once, so print them out of the past papers and just do them as you revise, because they are worth a lot of marks. SL data based questions are good to start off with because they are a bit shorter, but then you can ease yourself into the HL ones. Next, for those 3 mark questions which come at the end of the data based questions every year, learn some generic marking points which you can write if you have no clue what is going on because they are pretty similar every year (i.e. Effects in different animals aren't the same, you need more repeats, you need to test in more climates/places, etc.). For the rest of the paper, similarly to Paper 1, you just need to learn all of the material. I would personally use the Oxford Textbook to revise, complemented with The Science Codex and IB Dead websites because the Oxford textbook has a lot of extra info which you do not need to know. If you prefer to revise by watching, I would recommend Stephanie Castle, Crash Course and Alex Lee.
Although I did finish with a level 6, I was 1 mark off of a level 7, despite working at a high 5 and low 6 level throughout the course, and the one thing which made a big difference was taking all of the extended answer questions, seperating them topic by topic and compiling all of the markschemes together per specific syllabus point. The IB can only ask so many extended response questions, and by doing this and memorizing these markschemes, you get a good idea on the key words which the IB love to see, and implementing them becomes second nature to you. So, if you were to revise very last minute for your course, I would recommend doing this markscheme technique, as the people who score very highly usually do very well on their Paper 2 extended response questions. I would not recommend the Oxford Study Guide, the textbook is much better because the study guide is too condensed, and lacks details in some of the topics, for example in Chapter 5: Evolution. One more thing, make sure that you know ALL of the application points, the IB asks about them so much and when memorized they aren't hard marks to get.
Paper 3:
The one part to this paper which confused me the whole time was Section A, an area in which you could be asked about anything on the course, including your practicals. Pay attention when you do complusory practicals in class, you save a lot of time, as many people learn by doing things. Once you have done all of these practicals, what I did to revise was make a diagram of every practical and annotate it in as much detail as I could, and then on the side of it evaluate the pros and cons of the practical, and jot down its possible applications. That pretty much covers anything which could be asked about your practicals, and use the questionbank to find previous practical questions. And you know how I mentioned those application points before, well the IB has started to ask about them in Section A questions on Paper 3, so know them inside out before.
Section B for me was actually okay, I did Option D: Human Phys which our teacher had recommended and I found it very interesting. Similar 6 mark questions come up in this Option every year, and there is not too much to memorize at all. If you are confused on which option to learn, I would say learn Human Physiology. Again, here, the markscheme technique works fine to compile a bank of knowledge, and doing that with the resources that I have shown should be okay. They usually like to ask about similar things from each topic area, so when you practice past papers you get the gist of what these topic areas actually are. But, as I said with Papers 1 and 2, you just have to memorise the material here again. Make sure that you learn all of your diagrams here, as you need to in Paper 2, as well as definitions, as questions on labelling diagrams are common, and if you are completely stuck on one question, giving a few definitions can usually help you to pick up some marks.
Internal Assessment:
One bit of warning our teacher gave us before we did our IA's was don't worry if your experiment doesn't work completely, nobody's does. So, it's okay to have some errors in your experiment, and have to change your methodology a bit as long as you reflect on your changes and preliminary work in your IA. Online there are a bunch of what to include checklists, so use these as in my opinion they are pretty good and help to give your IA some sort of focus. Personal engagement marks are important, so imbed small bits of personal engagement into your IA as you are writing it, and as I had mentionned before, if you can reflect on your errors and preliminary work it shows personal engagement and reflection. The personal engagement doesn't have to be completely true, as there is only so much interest you can have in one experiment, and you want to save some pages for all of your reflection and analysis.
You want to make sure that you are plotting accurate graphs, and that the calculations associated with those data points are accurate, because those are marks that you can avoid. The page limit is quite low for the Biology IA, so do not make a title page or contents page, just number your sections as you go. I personally would recommend including statistical testing into your IA in order to do some numerical analysis of your data. You can do standard deviation on your graph's data points, and if you have space, and deem it appropriate, you could include another statistical test such as an ANOVA, which tests the relationship between variables. Just remember that the IA is worth 20%, so it is nice to have it as a safety net in case of a difficult exam.
~~~
Chemistry HL
Paper 1:
For chem, as with all 3 papers, past papers are your friend because there are some common topics which come up in multiple choice exams and if you nail down those chapters you can score highly. The chapters which you need to nail down in order to be successful are: Stoichiometry, Kinetics, Energetics & Thermochemistry and Organic Chemistry. Oh, and one more chapter, BONDING. Bonding is the chapter which the whole course is built on, and if you understand this chapter understanding everything else will become a hell of a lot easier, especially in the tougher chapters such as organic chemistry and acids and bases. But, again, you can never predict an IB exam, so revise all of the chapters, but the chapters that I named before, especially Bonding, are very common topics on Paper 1 and Paper 2, so you want to make sure that you understand them inside out. Like in Biology HL, mnemonics and quizlet sets are good to remember things, such as equations and definitions. Mnemonics are especially useful to learn periodicity, where the IB likes to ask about the most random trends in the periodic table, so you should simple memorise those as they are marks that you don't want to be losing. Make sure that you know error calculations for this paper, as the final couple of questions are usually on this area, and nail balancing equations as the first few questions are usually related to this.
Paper 2:
Like in Biology HL, you literally need to know everything for this paper because there are too many areas which have been asked about before. But, luckily for us, we have good resources that are availale, such as Richard Thornley's Youtube channel and the Pearson textbook, which are both absolute gold. Richard Thornley goes through all of the topic areas in insane detail, but explains them in a simple way, so I would recommend watching his videos for the very specific areas such as magnetism, dimers, walden inversion, etc. Memorize all of the formulae that you need to know, particularly for Acids and Bases, because the calculation questions are quite similar every year (i.e. Gibbs free energy, pH calculations with pKa values, molar calculations, empirical formula and equilibrium constants). Paper 1 and Paper 2, like in Biology HL, were back-to-back for me so learning everything for this paper does help for Paper 1 as well. There is a very large amount of material in Chemistry HL course too, so review the subject guide closer to exam time to make sure you know everything.
Make sure that you know ALL of your organic mechanisms, because you just have to memorize them, and drawing them isn't too hard once memorized. The IB also really likes asking about ligands and coloured transition metals, so learning the markscheme for those classic 3-4 mark questions isn't a bad idea as they do not change too much whatsoever. Past papers are again very helpful here, because you see the topics which come up very often in papers and what the exam board likes to ask about. Learn your periodic trends, because they will always come up and they are marks which you really do not need to lose if you have memorized the material, so just be safe and memorize all of the trends (Although the data book can give some trends away, so keep your eye out for that if you forget them). Another shoutout to the IB Dead website, which has some good quality notes for Chemistry too. VSEPR Theory is your friend as well, it comes up way to often, so make sure that you memorize what the theory comprises of, and memorize all of your bond angles as well.
Paper 3:
I did the Biochemistry option, and if you do Biology HL, do Biochemistry because it overlaps with Biology quite a bit, and a lot of that memorization that you do for Biology is really helpful for Chemistry too. For section A, similarly to Biology, you can be asked about any of your complusory practicals, so check the subject guide for which practicals these are. Like I said for Biology as well, draw annotated diagrams of each experiment, then write the method used to obtain the data as well as the equiptment, then you can critique it by listing pros and cons of the experiment itself. If you practice past papers, many of them give away these pros and cons via previous questions on experiments, so you should try and do some as you are going through the course because then its one thing less that you have to worry about revising closer to exam time.
Regarding section B, for the most part, at least of Biochemistry, it's simply just memorisation. So you kinda need to learn everything for this unfortunately. Past papers will help you with this because there are common areas which are always asked about in most papers (i.e. Hydrolysis, condensation, peptides, DNA, etc.). The markschemes for these topic areas are similar so myou can learn these for some of the longer questions, and the markscheme definitions are the ones which you need to know so do not memorise other definitions for key terms. There are some data based questions here so again doing past papers will help you to practice these kinds of questions. For both biology and chemistry, you don't need to do full past papers at once, use the Questionbank to your advantage and practice questions in specific areas you need to practice.
Internal Assessment:
Similarly to Biology HL, find checklists online on what to include as they are quite detailed and usually cover all bases. The Science Codex website has fantastic IA examples for both Biology and Chemistry, so if you are stuck on how to structure each of your IAs, or what kind of information to include, use the model IAs there as an example as they scored very highly. Just like in Biology HL, you want to make sure that you nail your calculations and polish your graphs to make sure that there are no errors in them (Be sure to include error calculations, which you then discuss in your reflection and evaluation section).
Personal engagement again is just something that you can make up a bit and try to imbed it into the IA as you are writing it, but it helps if you are doing a topic which actually interests you. The big advantage for the Chemistry HL IA is that you don't have to do statistical testing like you can in the Biology HL IA, so it saves you space which you can use instead on calculating error. Make sure that you try quite hard on the IA, because with Chemistry HL exams they can be so unpredictable and difficult sometimes that it's nice for something to be there to help you in case the exam day isnt the best.
~~~
Economics HL
Paper 1:
This paper is worth 30%, and with practice and past papers, is an exam which you can do very well on. Before I begin talking about anything else, for everything in Economics, even the IAs, use the Cambridge Revision Guide (Economics In A Nutshell), it's possibly one of the best revision guides I have ever used! So this paper is Micro and Macroeconomics, and to do well on the 10 and 15 mark questions, you need to memorise content from the revision guide. For anything that you do not understand in this book, or for extra detail, use EconPlusDal. Both of those resources together are insanely detailed but explained concisely enough that it is easy to follow and understand. The only hard work for this paper is finding real world examples (yes, they are kinda important, though you can make them up a bit if they sound realistic), so as you learn topics I would just search up that respective topic on Google, find some statistics and data to do with it and compile it in a document which is extensive before you sit the actual exam paper. All of the diagrams that you need to know are in the revision guide, and use a few diagrams in each of your responses, in order to visualise the theories which you are referring to.
In your body paragraphs to your responses, I used an acronym called DEED (Define, Explain, Example, Diagram), and that really helped to structure my answers to make sure I was hitting all of the points on the generic markscheme. However, in your 15 mark questions, where economic synthesis is also required, I used the acronym CLASPP (Conclusion, Long term + Short term, Assumptions, Stakeholders, Priorities, Pros + Cons) as that would cover all of the aspects of the synthesis for me. In Paper 1s every year, there is usually one Theory of the firm question in Microeconomics and one which is not Theory of the firm, so if you can nail down your knowledge on Theory of the firm, you typically have a nice question which you can answer most years (as there is only so much that they can ask on both aspects of Theory of the firm, although they do prefer to ask about market structures).
Paper 2:
This paper is also worth 30%, and I found it harder to revise for, because I absolutely despised Development Economics. Nonetheless, as I said with Paper 1, and as I will say with Paper 3, the Cambridge Study Guide is amazing to revise for this paper. In addition, since you do not need real world examples to complement your responses here, everything that you need to know is in that book. In this paper you dont have to worry as much about sticking to DEED and CLASPP, although you could use DEED on your 4 and 8 mark questions if you deem it to be an appropriate place to use it, but make sure ALL examples are from the text, as most of the marks come from there. Seriously, have a look at the markscheme to one of those 8 mark questions, you would be very surprised to see how 80% of those marking points are simply copying what is actually written inside that text booklet, so use it as much as possible!
Regarding those random definitions at the start, I would recommend just learning all of the terms in the glossary of the Cambridge Study Guide, as those definitions are very similar to the ones which usually appear in the markschemes, and aren't too long to learn (Use Quizlet if you want some more active revision!). For the 4 mark questions, do not forget Micro and Macroeconomics for Paper 2, as they can still be asked about, especially the Macroeconomics diagrams. Including some of the information from the passage in your 4 mark questions can add some more detail, and despite the question not explicitly saying to do it, it often helps to secure 4 points instead of just 3.
Paper 3:
I actually really liked this paper, and I believe that it is possible to score 100% on this paper, or at least close to it, if you just practice. Unfortunately, there is no formula booklet or anything in Economics HL to help you when writing this exam, but all of the equations you need to know are in the Cambridge Revision Guide, so learn your material from there. Regarding the 4 mark questions which you will get, they do repeat over time as there is only so much which can be assessed in this paper, so doing past papers will teach you which kinds of phrases to include in these 4 mark questions and which of these 4 mark questions usually comes up. Refresh reading points off of graphs and using those values to plug into equations to get answers, and using multiple equations to find your answers. For a lot of the small bits which have been asked before such as drawing MR curves or explaining why a profit maximisation would attract firms into a market is explained by EconPlusDal very well, so use his videos once again if you do not understand anything. If you don't think that your Paper 1 or Paper 2 went very well, Paper 3 is the paper which is there to help you out, and if you practice papers and learn all of your equations for this paper you should be good.
Internal Assessment/ Portfolio:
In Economics HL, you have to write 3 different mini-IAs, each 750 words max, which all combine to form a portfolio worth 20%. To start, I would recommend that you should do your third Economics HL IA in International Economics above Development Economics, because your International Economics article options are usually quite good compared to Development, and you can include more diagrams in International Economics. Generally speaking, focus most of your words in each of your IAs on your synthesis, because about 7 of the 15 marks on each of the IAs has something to do with the synthesis, and 2 extra marks for application, so you want to make sure that you nail that analysis really well.
Economic diagrams are key, so use them to talk about the theory related to the article as well, because then you hit two birds with one stone. In addition, I would recommend that you choose an article which talks about a problematic situation, compared to one which talks about a positive economic situation, because you can suggest more solutions and have more analysis when there are problems which need to be ammended. Other than that I would say that define your key terms well (The resources I have said do this for you), and bold key terms as you use them to make it very clear that you are using them.
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Well that's my guide done, hope you guys found it helpful :) If you have any questions just reply in the comments or drop me a PM and I'll respond as best as I can to you. Once again, thanks so much to this legendary sub for all of the help they gave during the IB exam period.
EDIT: Reddit didn't let me do a post with everything in it, so I will post a part two later with my advice on TOK, EE, CAS and some extra sections for people who want to apply for Medicine in the UK
submitted by Muhayman to IBO [link] [comments]

[All] An overview of the mathematical themes of the Stormlight Archive

It's no big secret that the Stormlight Archive has a lot more mathematical depth to it than most fantasy stories. On an explicit level, the planet has very precise physical parameters required to make the world "work". On a social level, symmetries are considered holy, mathematics is put on a pedestal for being integral to the work of Stormwardens, and even laypeople show appreciation for the abstract beauty of math. On a higher level, the highstorms are mathematically predictable to a far greater extent than real weather patterns are, the Dawncities are shaped after cymatic patterns, and the world map of Roshar itself seems to be based on a fractal structure called a Julia set!
Now, Brandon is a master worldbuilder. He undoubtedly knows math has limited mainstream appeal, yet he decided to incorporate some really quite heavy mathematical concepts into his story. How odd! Why would he do such a thing? Is he simply trying to pander to the nerdiest subset of his fanbase? Have the Evil Librarians joined with the Math Teachers to get you to read discreet math? Is the Stormlight Archive going to teach you math?
Well, probably not. But maybe I will! In this post, I aim to provide an overview of the math in the Stormlight Archive. I also consider what the math might mean, and why I think Brandon decided to write so much math into a fantasy story. If you have no interest in the mathematics, you can skip ahead to the last two sections where I try to answer these meta-questions.

Symmetries and invariants

Let's start with symmetries - they are considered holy by the Vorin church. One might brush this off as an insignificant and quirky part of the worldbuilding, but what if the reasoning goes deeper than that? Why do they consider symmetry to be holy?
To begin to answer this, let us first look at what symmetry actually means. When a mathematician speaks of symmetry, they mean something slightly more abstract than you might expect; A symmetry is a reversible operation that leaves something invariant - and "invariant" is just a fancy word for "unchanged".
We sometimes phrase it by saying that something is "invariant under symmetry" or "an invariant of the symmetry" to mean that the symmetry operation leaves the thing unchanged. For instance, some things look the same when viewed in a mirror, and we can call these "the invariants of mirroring". Each such thing can be described as being "mirror-symmetric", or as being "invariant under mirroring".
To really get a feel for the terminology, let us take a look at some more examples.
Examples:
  1. A clock display is symmetric under the symmetry operation of "advancing/reversing time by 24 hours". This kind of symmetry is so important that it has its own name: "periodic". It means that the pattern repeats at regular intervals.
  2. A circle is symmetric under rotation by any number of degrees, so we just say it's "rotationally symmetric".
  3. A ketek is symmetric under "mirroring word order with conjugation and typesetting changes allowed". The added conditions can be generalized quite easily. For instance, each third of the First Ideal can be considered symmetric under "mirroring both word order and the meaning of nouns".
  4. Einstein's theory of relativity is all about the laws of physics that are invariant under the change of reference frame. E = mc2 is one such invariant: the mass-energy of something doesn't change just because you started moving relative to it.
Now, everything has some symmetry, but certain symmetries are considered more beautiful than others. Einstein's theory of relativity is often praised for its many symmetries, whereas the trivial "leaving-it-alone-symmetry" is not particularly interesting. To most humans, there is something aesthetically appealing about symmetry, and this likely ties to the evolutionary advantage of pattern recognition. Regular patterns feel safe, and we instinctively pay attention to any deviation from the pattern. We generally like wearing similar socks and shoes, for instance.
Could this be the reason why Brandon chose to make symmetry holy in the dominant religion of the Stormlight Archive? Simply aesthetics? Let us investigate by looking at some of the more esoteric symmetries he shows off in the books.

Cymatics

In the Way of Kings, the ardent Kabsal demonstrates cymatics by playing musical notes that make the sand on a plate be reshaped into symmetric patterns. One might think this is a magical fantasy process, but no - it's 100% real! I recommend taking a look at this music video by Nigel Stanford, which shows off even more cymatic patterns than Kabsal did.
What's happening here is that for certain frequencies, the soundwave through the plate has resonance nodes where the plate doesn't move much. Where the plate doesn't move, the sand can lie undisturbed. On the rest of the plate, the sand will instead get tossed about by the vibration of the soundwave. Thus, the distribution of sand will gradually adapt towards the stable configuration, meaning more and more sand will end up near the resonance nodes. After all, once a grain of sand reaches the node, it's probably going to stay there. Ironically for Kabsal, who was trying to use this to prove the existence of the Almighty, this is often used to highlight how evolution and natural selection works; if one state endures its environment better than other states, then the population will tend towards that state as the other states "die out". Similarly, the pattern of the sand gradually ends up looking like the pattern of resonance nodes.
In this dynamic environment, the symmetry operation of "progressing time" leaves the nodes invariant. That the cymatic pattern of sand also displays mirror symmetry is simply due to the physical system being a symmetric metal plate; the sand isn't seeking the symmetry itself, but rather the resonance nodes that are symmetrically distributed due to being on a symmetric plate. The Dawncities being shaped like cymatic patterns indicates that a similar process based on frequencies is likely to blame for the natural rock formations on Roshar, but one cannot from this conclude that it's "intentional" - at least not from an in-world scientific perspective. We, as readers, happen to know that Brandon made this world, and so the assumption of intent is far more valid. But why would the Almighty Brandon decide to make the Dawncities look like cymatic patterns?
At any rate, this ties symmetry to the worldbuilding - it's somehow related to the nature of Roshar, and Kabsal appeals to the aesthetics of symmetry as an argument for the Almighty's intentional design. It would be a major digression to go into the many fan theories regarding this in-world connection, but for this post we're mostly interested in looking at Brandon's thematic intent. He emphasizes the aesthetics through Kabsal, but contextualizes it with Jasnah's doubts. To paraphrase Wit, Brandon does not tell us what to think regarding this coincidental symmetry, but instead provides us with questions to think upon by providing different interpretations. To me, this suggests that Brandon's message is "symmetry is worthy of philosophical consideration." Some people will appreciate the symmetry as a supernatural and magical thing, whereas others will want to look behind the veil for a natural explanation.
However, these views are not mutually exclusive. Understanding does not have to dispel the magic and wonder, it may instead lead to deeper forms of magic. Understanding cymatics does not make it less amazing, and quantum teleportation is no less magical than fantasy teleportation simply due to being real. In fact, there are some deep mathematical patterns present in the Stormlight archive that the characters are unlikely to discover until they get access to graphing computers - it's time to look at fractals!

Fractals, approximations, and ideals.

A fractal structure has a very strange symmetry - it somehow contains itself in a suitable technical sense. Usually this amounts to containing copies of itself when you zoom in, which is called "unfolding symmetry". Let us begin with a moderately simple example of a fractal.
Imagine that you start out with the Triforce symbol from the Legend of Zelda. We define an operation where we replace each of the solid gold triangles with a smaller triforce. Then we do it again and again. Each time, we end up with a slightly different figure with more and more intricacies, so the triforce is clearly not invariant under this operation. Nor are any of the shapes we end up with after using the operation on the triforce a finite number of times, though it changes less and less each time. It's almost as though it's slowly approximating something. Is there a shape that this operation is symmetric for?
Yes, there is! It's called the Sierpinski Triangle, and is often nicknamed the "Triforce fractal". You can think of this as the shape you end up with "after" having done the above operation infinitely many times to the triforce - the thing that is approximated by the procedure described above! This one has somehow replaced all of its solid gold triangles with copies of itself, so it doesn't change when we apply the operation, nor does it change when we reverse the operation by zooming in on a corner.
Other famous fractals include the Koch curve, Peano curve, and the Mandelbrot set. Some are harder to visualize than others, because the notion of fractal can be mathematically extended into dimensions we can't really visualize.
It's the Mandelbrot set that is closest related to the Julia set of Roshar. Their symmetries are vaguer and their invariance is of a much more technical nature, one determined by certain multi-dimensional mathematical functions. These are often animated in terms of zooming in on a colored picture, with the color representing a measure of how much the symmetry is broken there. It's pretty, but unless you knew the mathematical foundations it can be difficult spot any obvious symmetries. It doesn't come as a big surprise that the Rosharans haven't spotted the pattern in their map - this particular Julia set is not something you can easily draw by hand, at least not without help from the spren.
What I want to emphasize is that this technical form of symmetry is not emphasized by Brandon, and was left as an exercise for the particularly nerdy readers to spot. That he would pick such an obscure piece of mathematics as the foundation for the world map suggests that aesthetics is not his primary reason for emphasizing symmetry in general - it should be a deeper theme, one that is fundamental to the physical nature of Roshar. In fact, this connection is made tighter by the Cryptics, who have fractal-like symbol-heads and are described the following way in Oathbringer:
Syl: “We honorspren mimic Honor himself. You Cryptics mimic … weird stuff?” Pattern: “The fundamental underlying mathematics by which natural phenomena occur. Mmm. Truths that explain the fabric of existence.”
This suggests, in my eyes, that the fractals are fundamental to the natural phenomena of Roshar, and the Julia set was almost definitely not just chosen for its aesthetics. While the Honorspren mimic the moral ideals of Honor, the Cryptics mimic the part of Honor that's concerned with rules and the platonic ideals of existence.
Interestingly, some of the theory of fractals can be phrased in the language of mathematical ideals. I won't go into too much technicality regarding these ideals (there are multiple notions), but in essence they are constructions that are invariant, but also inside of a larger invariant - much like the Sierpinski triangle is an invariant inside of... well, a filled-in triangle, which is also invariant if you replace its filled-in part with itself. To make a somewhat imprecise analogy, the Sierpinski triangle is like an ideal of certain symmetries on the full triangle.
The name "ideal" is a historical artifact in mathematics, and is not explicitly connected to moral ideals. Then again... what if Brandon, in his artistic vision, decided that the different notions of "ideal" should be thematically connected? Would the use of mathematical ideals mirror the philosophical ideals presented in the book? Is there such a thematic symmetry of ideals? If so, what could it mean when a symmetry or ideal is broken?

Symmetry breaking

On a fundamental level, physics is mostly about symmetries and the things that are invariant under them - or in layman's terms, patterns. As mentioned previously, the mass-energy E = mc2 is an example of such an invariant, which doesn't change under the symmetry operation of changing reference frames. Most fields of physics focus on such symmetries, and incomplete models are often emphasized by some situation where the symmetry no longer holds. The process by which the symmetry of a simple model can be broken by taking into account the bigger picture is simply called "symmetry breaking", and it's very important in physics. However, it's also mathematically very complicated, so while the following example isn't exactly wrong, it's going to be slightly mathematically imprecise.
Example:
Consider a pen perfectly balanced by its tip on a table. If we model it as a perfect cone balanced in the center of an infinite plane, the system is symmetric with respect to rotation. A neat and aesthetically pleasing model of reality!
However, we know that this configuration is unstable, so realistically it's going to fall over. But our mathematical model should be able to predict not only that it will fall over, but also which direction it's going to fall. Without taking into account the bigger picture - the movement of the air, the vibrations in the table, and so on - we can't make such a prediction. In order to fix the symmetry being broken, physicists introduce an extra interaction or particle that makes it so that the system can be predicted by knowing - say - how the wind blows.
To draw an analogy: It's like solving a sudoku by using that you know there should only be one unique solution, thereby inferring how to eliminate ambiguity!
The famous Higgs boson - the one that got nicknamed "the God particle" for political reasons - was actually theorized this way. Experimentalists at CERN only found the particle several decades later.
In the Stormlight Archive, there are many symmetries that are imperfect, or slightly broken. A ketek has some leeway with conjugation and typesetting. A name shouldn't be perfectly symmetric, and the letter "h" lets you break the symmetry more. The Oathgate at the Shattered Plains violates the otherwise symmetric pattern. There are a lot of almost-Herald-analogues such as the Unmade, the Ten Fools, the Alethi Highprinces, and the naming conventions of the Dawncities.
If we invoke the assumption that Brandon considers mathematical ideals and philosophical ideals to be analogous, how can we interpret these failed symmetries? Are they coincidental, or are they extensions of the themes of the book? Could it be that it's not symmetry that is divine, but rather symmetry breaking? Are the splinters of Honor the Rosharan analogues of the "God particle"?
Few of these questions can be answered in any definitive manner. However, I personally find these to be very appealing ideas - after all, I think it's an aesthetically pleasing thematic pattern.

The artistic interpretation

After all is said and done, why did Brandon bother to incorporate all of this math in the Stormlight Archive?
It seems unlikely to be for marketing reasons, and he is neither mathematician nor physicist - he takes advice from the professionals in his writing group on topics like these. This leads me to believe that this isn't a case of the mathematics being a physical necessity for the story to work, but rather that the world is built in a way to make the artistic themes agree with an educated layman's understanding of physics and math. So, if the world really had the kinds of intent that we often describe when we anthropomorphize the forces of nature (in other words, spren), what intents could be read out of this form of physics?
Of course, I cannot tell you for sure what Brandon's intent really was when he decided to emphasize symmetries. I can only tell you what artistic themes I get out of it as a mathematician with a physics background, with the caveat that I am biased towards making the interpretation that appeals the most to my own preferences. Perhaps you will agree that my interpretation enriches the story, or perhaps you will disagree. Truthfully, I doubt I got everything "right" regarding Brandon's intent, but I do believe at least some of his intent is fuzzily reflected in my interpretation.
Symmetric names are holy, but the perfect name should slightly break the symmetry.
In this, I see the theme that the perfect and unchanging ideals of Honor are to be idealized, but our imperfections are what make us human. For example, Shallan explains how humans can pretend that a word is symmetric even when it is not, much to Pattern's chagrin. The honorspren Syl acts as though there is only one universal and perpetual notion of Honor, until Kaladin challenges her with very difficult and human questions about perspectives, thereby inducing change and improvement to Syl's world view. Even the Stormfather, the shadow of Honor himself, grows a conscience about the innocents killed when he does his duty.
On a meta-level, I also see the imperfection-induced-improvement as the influence of Cultivation on Honor's perfect ideals, much like a physical theory can be improved by symmetry breaking.
The moons of Roshar are in a slightly unstable orbit.
A stable orbit would be too perfect for the themes of this book. Instead of destabilizing the moon's orbit by way of tidal forces as is happening to the Earth's moon, these moons are in orbits that are unstable on an astronomical scale, but stable on a practical scale. Since the three moons very likely connect to the three Shards of the Rosharan system, this would likely be part of a theme. At first glance, one might think that this is something Ruin and Preservation would be up to, but I suspect it's again an interplay between Honor and Cultivation. Things must be allowed to change, but do so close to the ideal.
The predictive model for highstorms is very good, but not perfect.
The periodic symmetry is slightly broken, like Honor was broken. The Stormfather may be the Cognitive Shadow of Honor, but if Honor represents symmetry then it's thematically appropriate that his shadow is only almost-symmetric.
Odium's forces have fuzzy analogues to Honor's: An Everstorm instead of the Highstorm. 9 Unmade instead of 10 Heralds, Voidbinding instead of Surgebinding. Different ways to form spren bonds. Carapace instead of Shardplate. Moash instead of Kaladin.
Due to Honor's influence, a symmetry could be expected to form, some kind of equilibrium. However, in each case, it's more of a fuzzy analogy than a perfect match. I see this as reinforcing the theme of reality being too complicated for neat and symmetric models to capture all of the nuance. Especially Kaladin's arc emphasizes that the split between "us" and "them" isn't a clean cut, despite that being an appealing world view.
The cycle of desolations is broken.
The model of previous times cannot predict what will happen. This is revolutionary to Rosharan historians like Jasnah, who seem to assume that history repeating itself is a universal pattern. She might be a heretic, but I doubt she avoided a cultural appreciation for symmetry that would make the cyclic world-view appealing to her. No, Jasnah. Symmetry has been broken, the old model no longer fits. Not only have the old powers returned - new forces also stir.
The Oathgate in the Shattered Plains is discovered by a scout pointing out that Shallan's map is wrong.
Shallan's map was drawn based on assumptions of symmetry, and it was the symmetry breaking that let her intuit the location of the Oathgate. Much like the discovery of the Higgs boson, a theoretical model with unrealistic symmetries was vindicated by symmetry breaking.
Roshar is shaped as an approximate Julia Set.
Reality can only approximate a true fractal, but I interpret this as an analogy saying that it's still worth approximating an ideal even if the goal cannot ever be attained. I personally suspect that the disagreements between the old maps and the new aren't due to the "modern cartography techniques" as Shallan assumes (they had Windrunners back in the days, their maps should be way better back then), but instead due to Roshar being in the process of changing shape to gradually approximate a fractal structure. It'll never reach perfection in finite time, but that's okay, because the world is being Cultivated to approximate Honor's ideals. Journey before destination.
The Cryptic spren that represent mathematical physics have fractal-like symbol heads.
The heads of the Cryptics emphasize that complex mathematical rules and patterns are fundamental to the nature of Roshar. As any simplified mathematical model of reality will contain both truths and lies-by-oversimplification, I believe the Cryptics grant access to the Surge of Transformation to make the physical world adapt to match a platonic ideal. This emulates the way Honor moulded Roshar by rigid rules - it worked, even though his rules were too flawless for reality.

Concluding remarks

In conclusion, my interpretation is that Honor provided a supposedly-perfect mould: the ideal and the symmetric. Mathematically consistent rules that hypothetically could bring Honor to as many as possible. Roshar's innate investiture adapted the physical reality to approximate spiritual ideals, but the world didn't quite fit them because reality is more complex than any simple rule can account for. Importantly, mortals can break oaths and rules, which Honor - like a mathematician trying to model sociology - could not see until it was too late. Now, Cultivation's influence is letting the symmetries be broken to facilitate growth, as mold spreading from the decaying mould of Honor. What was once considered perfect is changed to fit an evolving world.
Characters break and mend in weird ways, ranging from Shallan's personalities to Dalinar's scars. Perfection is an imperfect concept, but everyone strives for unreachable goals because the journey is more important than the destination, and remaining invariant is no journey at all.
submitted by Aurora_Fatalis to Stormlight_Archive [link] [comments]

Language impact on the brain, and creating Conlangs based on such factors. HINT, TIPS, IDEAS, ETC

Going to start off with some factors, and then just link to some webpages, some of them are news articles, yes, but they show concepts really well.
  1. Chinese, Japanese, and even Turkish have simplified numbers, eleven is ten-one. Very logical. Chinese children, at the age of 4 usually can count to 40, while English children usually reach that at age 5. A simplified counting system allows for easier learning of the numbers and logically finding patterns to count higher. Also, some people claim our memory runs on a two second memory loop, so having quicker numbers to say can cram in more numbers in two seconds, so you can remember sequences better. Personally, I have my doubts, I don't think Èr is quicker to say than 'Two', but overall, it could be much easier and simpler overall, I guess.
  2. In Chinese you can say three-ten-four plus four-ten-two makes what? And the equation is all there, 34+42, while to say the same thing to an English speaker they need to translate it quickly (not a big thing, but still a thing nonetheless) from thirty four and forty two to 34+42. Even thought they didn't say this sentence on any news article, I feel it plays a factor, in Chinese they have a character for each word, so each number is it's own word, you don't need to go one is 1, you just think yĩ is yĩ (一 is 一), you don't need to go from your writing system to your number system (I understand the Chinese use the 12345678910 number system often, but just in their base language, the rest of this is the case), and I feel conlanging can take this as having a single letter meaning a letter. So maybe A is 1, and T is 2, or whatever, work with it how you want. Or maybe you'll make a logographic system.
  3. One of the links also talks about the hard work of rice farming, and how hard work and focus is a large factor in mathematics, so if you want to make a conculture good at math, make something in their past or current history require lots of hard work every day to survive.
  4. The same link also talks about how fractions are more simple. In English, they say, we say 'three fifths', but in Chinese they say 'Out of 5 parts, take 3'. I can see how that would be easier, however, for purposes of conlanging, I personally feel that it is a little longer than necessary, but that is just my opinion.
  5. Children who have a tonal language are much better at identifying musical pitches and such, in simple words when the language has pitches to make different words, their brain becomes better at it, and it bleeds over to other areas, AKA music.
  6. Measure words. Chinese requires a measure word for everything. In English I don't say 'I have a water', you say 'I have a cup of water' or something like that. Chinese is like that, but for everything. You need a measure word, you don't say 'one person', you need a word like 'cup, box, handful', etc etc (not for person, it's a different measure word), but studies show that it helps with mathematical skills, and although I cannot find where I heard that, I believe the speaker was talking about how it forces them to think about the relationship of the word, whether or not it's 5 bushels of grapes, or 5 actual grapes.
  7. Some of you probably know of the Pormpuraaw, the culture who's language doesn't have left and right, but north, east, south, west, etc. And you don't have a left foot, you have a south foot, or a west foot, or whatever direction you are facing. The people from these culture are able to tell very VERY quickly, even in a new environment, assuming they didn't lose direction via some means, exactly where north is at any given moment. For conlanging, don't assume 'My speakers will never be able to keep track of what time of day it is accurately, how hot it is, etc etc!', just try, make your conjugations for whatever you want, push the boundaries of human limits and they will move for you. Also, side note, their way of saying hello requires them to say their heading, so saying hello in your language can force your speakers to remember whatever your cool idea is
  8. English speakers write left to right, however, Arabic writes right to left, and as such this dictates their thought, their perception of time. When organizing a series of picture by what time they happened in, English Speakers will most likely arrange them earliest on the left and working right, while Arabic Speakers will do it opposite. Same can work for any language, in whatever way they write. Interesting note from the Youtube video: The Pormpuraaw consider it from East to West, and they will organize it according to that on how they sit, they may organize it coming to them, going away from them, left to right, right to left, etc, depending on which way they are sitting
  9. Russian Colours. Russian has two different words for one word in English. Blue. In Russian they differentiate between light blue and light blue. In the Youtube video she talked about how when the shade of blue was lowered Russian Speakers gave a response when it changed from light to dark, because to them it changed colours, while English speakers did nothing. Russian speakers are also faster to differentiate between the colours, and have better colour recognition of those colours, because to them, it's one of their primary colours. Yes, we have maroon, cyan, amber, crimson, ivory, etc, but when was the last time you saw major children's books, or even classroom settings teach this colours to the students. It's mostly Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Purple, sometimes Pink, Black, White, Grey, Brown, sometimes Violet (Personally I wasn't taught violet that much, and the only place I really learned it is from the colours of the rainbow, but I don't know what it looks without looking it up, and even then it looks like a shade of blue to me). For conlanging you can use this to classify more base colours (don't go crazy, because then you end up with Cyan and such, words that exist but rarely used, limit yourself to somewhere under 20, maybe, or if you go over, maybe include a conculture note or something on how you expect the education culture to teach them), or even sounds, classify things such as harsh, soft, or maybe other stuff, smells, temperatures, tastes, or anything you can find on here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense the key is just being creative on how you classify them and describe them.
  10. Language Genders- The other language I speak decently (not enough to really converse in, I'll rather be humble than be called out), is French, and all romance languages like it are famous for genders, even German has genders. Throughout my French class I've learned a few things about how French speakers (or even the class I took in spanish), think of objects. To take an example from the Youtube video 'bridge' is feminine in German, but masculine in Spanish. A Spanish speaker might describe it as long, strong, etc, very masculine terms, while a German speaker might describe it as beautiful, elegant, etc. Genders can influence how a person thinks about something. In French television is feminine, while fridge is masculine. A French speaker, when asked to imagine a conversation between them in their head (or maybe a kids show or something), will have the television take on a feminine personality, and the fridge a masculine one. German also has a third, neutral, gender, but I am unsure of how that impacts the psych. However, think about this when creating your language. You don't have to copy Romance languages, or even German. You can have a Strong Masculine, Weak Masc, Weak Fem, Strong Fem, etc (maybe a neutral, maybe a God ones, who knows). Each one having a different aspect, and that can impact them by thinking of Strong Masculine items as very very masculine, and weak masc ones as less masculine, and more closer to a neutral terms (I'm not talking about 'Alpha males' or anything like that, just how strongly one might consider a word masculine or feminine). However, the only note of caution I can say is personally, I don't see a lot of use for genders, unless you want to differentiate between words (French does that for at least one word, the masc and fem articles makes it a different word. I can't remember it though), or unless you want to add culture or naturalism to your conlang.
  11. Clause of the Environment/Actions/Blame. I don't feel I have the skills to explain this well enough without copy and paste, but basically some languages are more biased on the completion or final product of a verb, so a speaker of that language may say about a picture 'The man is walking towards the store', while in one where the verb is more important and the final product isn't stressed, they might say 'The man is walking/strolling' or something like that. When shown a man accidentally knocking something over, as shown in the Youtube video, some speakers might say the vase broke or the vase broke itself, while a different language speaker might say 'He broke the vase' or 'He knocked it over', and in some languages you don't say 'I broke my arm' unless you meant to broke it, as they don't consider accidents at true causes or something like that. For conlanging keep this in mind when you think up your grammar, what will be emphasized, how will this manifest in your speaker's world view?
  12. Tenses- This should be something, if nothing else is, known to just about everyone well versed in cool facts about linguistics. A study has shown that speakers of languages who have weak future tense tend to have strong future-orientated actions, such as saving for the future, while those with strong future tense don't as much. This is because those with strong future tense separate the future from the present, AKA 'That's a problem for future Homer, GLAD I'M NOT THAT GUY!'. So 'I am going to each tomorrow' is strong future tense, while a weak future tense language would say 'I eat/am eating tomorrow' and while that doesn't sound as weird to an English speaker, there are better examples of that (that I can't for the love of me think of right now). For conlanging, I know it's difficult to swallow for some conlangers, but having past present future tenses isn't always the best, or even having more, 5, 6, 10, etc tenses, while very clarifying, it separates times a lot, and in cultures like that you can write in some bad habits, or lack of good habits, because to them the present is all that really matters, because everything else is so separated from them.
  13. Also, the Youtube video mentions that some languages (natural languages that exist in our world,) don't have an exact number system, she says how they have trouble keeping exact quantities. You can take from this and consider nothing in language as necessary. Personally, in one of my languages (I consider it the best one I have so far, and it works perfectly in all ways), everything is a noun. I don't want to explain it more until I finish it, but it works well. You can even take out pronouns. Maybe take relationship as pronouns. If a big brother is talking to his little sister, maybe he won't say 'I, me, etc', but instead say 'older brother', and instead of saying 'you, your, etc' he says 'little sister'. And he changes 'big brother' to 'son' when talking to parents. Maybe for meeting strangers he says 'humble friend' or something. Who knows. But also keep in mind on how these may impact it, and try to think to yourself how this can impact the speaker's mind. Removing the pronouns may make the speaker be more 'down to earth', make him less 'american' and more 'Japanese' so to speak, what I mean is he thinks of himself less as himself, the best person, whatever, but part of a team, part of something, with every sentence he reminds himself he isn't special, and has to think of other people. This might breed empathy, and that may happen to cause him to work harder even because he considers himself a small part of a large society, and it can't work if everyone doesn't give it his/her all. I am not saying that is what happens, I am just saying it would make sense for that to happen in my mind.
  14. Personal note, experiment with sign language as well, create a whistle language, like Silbo, to pair along with your culture, simply, explore. People make conlangs all the time because it's relatively easy (yes, it is hard, but it's not too hard to learn and create, just timely and dedication-requiring), but few create sign languages. Explore, learn. The more we create together the more we learn together.
  15. EDIT: I forgot to mention E-Prime. Taking the verb 'to be' out of a language removes the ability to play god in your language, so you can't make the apple be red because you said it is, instead, it looks red to you. However, this example becomes a lot better with feelings. You are not depressed, you feel depressed. Cool read, find it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Prime
​
So overall, if you want a language that kind of primes children to excel, a tonal language with a good number, not just two (it would work, but I imagine it wouldn't as well, but on the same hand, don't go over board, draw the number at triple digits (I'm joking, try not to go over 20, I would draw the line at more like 12 max, personally)), have measures words needed for everything, you don't need a separate word for everything, but maybe a measure words for all vehicles, maybe groups, maybe plant foods, etc, etc. Think about how you want to work that. Have a weak future tense or no future tense language, Have the most simple and shortest words you can, making the symbols for the numbers very similar to the letters that make it up, if not the same (Like how 'me' in Japanese is eye, maybe have a syllabary where the word for one is a single syllabary, like 'me' is 'め'). Find a short, easy, VERY self explaining, simple, and whatever form of describing various mathematical functions, such as decimals, fractions, scientific notation, etc. I found a nice post where someone talks about numbers and it is an excellent post to think about and guide your conlang. Look specifically at the comment by ethuank1. Remove the verb TO BE from your language and require users to find other ways around it. ETC ETC. From there you can add in some base colours, add in absolute directions instead of relative, make the hello say what direction and time they are facing/it is, if you want, etc etc.
https://www.reddit.com/conlangs/comments/78kllc/does_your_conlang_have_its_own_numeral_system/doxcayi/?context=3
​
I hope this post was interesting, and yes, a lot of this stuff you might have known, but I decided to put a lot of what I've found on here, kind of to help me remember, and kind of to help others. Sorry for anything I got wrong, if anything, and I would love it if you can list some other cool functions you can think of. As for these, what do you think, and how do you incorporate this into your conlangs? If I inspire you to add anything or make anything in your conlangs or concultures, please tell me, it would make me very happy to know that my post helped another. Anyways, thank you very much, and I hope everyone has a good day!
​
Side note: Before posting this I thought of Toki Pona, and just want to mention to those that don't know it that it is a language with very few words and very VERY simple, and not meant to express complex ideas, but meant to force the user to think in simple terms, and from there induce a zen like and happy state to the speaker.
​
​
http://www.messagetoeagle.com/kuuk-thaayorre-language-uses-cardinal-direction-to-define-space/
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://masterrussian.com/learnwords/img/russian-colors-dictionary.png&imgrefurl=http://masterrussian.com/learnwords/russian-colors.htm&h=403&w=403&tbnid=I6Iw4d-7icpEMM:&q=russian+colours&tbnh=160&tbnw=160&usg=AI4_-kS8D5rtn0U4qESkEBzgkwMuITZeFw&vet=12ahUKEwjiwpmZ7fzfAhUU8YMKHVMxAWoQ9QEwAHoECAYQBg..i&docid=WY_4lk3TE6_-ZM&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiwpmZ7fzfAhUU8YMKHVMxAWoQ9QEwAHoECAYQBg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense
https://medium.com/@fesja/6-reasons-asians-are-better-at-math-ab88fcb3db0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341514/
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-best-language-for-math-1410304008
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181074
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/09/can-your-language-influence-your-spending-eating-and-smoking-habits/279484/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627212/
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185047
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170118163756.htm
submitted by Zhe2lin3 to conlangs [link] [comments]

Revision Megathread - Past Papers, Google Docs, Notes, Videos, Sites and more

CHECK THE COMMENTS FOR MORE STUFF. I WON'T BE UPDATING THIS.

We've had big revision threads like this before. We need another one for this year. Post anything you have that can be of use and I will add it here. Any subject and exam board is welcome.
I know that some links do not work so I will be trying to update them and also add more links for the new specifications. Please post any suggestions.

Websites

Teach-ICT for Computing and ICT reivsion
Computer Science AQA, OCR and Edexcel Video Revision
ComputingHub
BBC Bitesize - For every subject
/6thform - Useful for 6th form/college and A level stuff if you need it.
Maths Genie - Videos, questions and mark schemes and custom past papers.
Examsolutions for Maths - Covers the whole sylabuss with videos.
HegartyMaths - Maths revision with videos and questions. May require school signup. If it doesn't work for you, just use the YouTube channel.
TheStudentRoom Wiki Notes
GCSE.com - For English, French, German, ICT, Maths and Science.
myGCSEscience YouTube
Science Channel - Get That C in Your GCSE - Really useful and covers at least enough to get a C.
CodeCademy - Very useful to learn Python or Java which you may need for ComputeCS.
Little Man Computer Tutorial on YouTube - Video series which covers everything you need for GCSE.
Hard GCSE Maths Questions
Mathed Up - Like MathsGenie but also has quizes.
Mr Thornton Science Revision and exam tips
DocBrown Science - Science revision. Good for knowing what you need to revise.
The Revision Hub - Multiple revision resources for different subjects.
Maths Bland - Past paper booklets for specific topics and hard questions.
All 3 Science Revision Guides - Lots of detail.
FastPastPapers - All past papers, all examboards.
freesciencelessons
Maths Revision
Quizlet for all sciences
drfrostmaths
HistoryChappy
ProjectMaths

Past Papers

Edexcel PP and MS search
AQA PP and MS search
OCR PP and MS
WJEC PP and MS
Edexcel June 2015 PP and MS Mark scheme
Music: https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2ef1HsawRJrazlaMnpCWUpVOFE&usp=drive_web
X1 is core, X2 is additional and X3 is highetriple.

Google Docs/Revision Notes

Subject Link Source
Edexcel Biology Link teethskeleton
Edexcel Chemistry Link teethskeleton
Edexcel Physics Link teethskeleton
OCR History Link Ribenja
Edexcel History Medicine and Public Health Link Sinzio
Edexcel History Medicine and Public Health Link Sinzio
Edexcel History Medicine and Public Health Link Sinzio
OCR Computing Link (Reuploaded because original can be edited) Captiousness
AQA Biology B1 and B2 notes Link
AQA Chemistry C1 and C2 notes Link
AQA Physics P1 and P2 notes Link
Edexcel DT Link
AQA English poem, short story analysis and exam techniques Link
AQA History Link
OCR Religion and Philosophy Link
OCR Sciences Link Jamesinatr
Edexcel Music Link Jamesinatr
AQA History Crime and Punishment Link MehmedX
AQA Chemistry Specification (Like a revision guide) Link MehmedX
AQA Biology Specification (Like a revision guide) Link MehmedX
AQA Physics Specification (Like a revision guide) Link MehmedX
AQA IGCSE Language/Literature Text analysis Link MehmedX
AQA Religious Studies Link TB_15
Edexcel Religious Studies Link
Edexcel Geography B Link IS_THIS_NAME_TAKEN-
French Verb Conjugation Link IS_THIS_NAME_TAKEN-
History Link IS_THIS_NAME_TAKEN-
Edexcel Geography B Link IS_THIS_NAME_TAKEN-
Science Link IS_THIS_NAME_TAKEN-
AQA Chemistry Revision Notes Link [ArosHD]()
AQA Physics Revision Notes Link [ArosHD]()
AQA Biology Revision Notes Link [ArosHD]()
English Lit symbolism Link graphitenexus
History Edexcel Nazi Germany Link [ArosHD and MehmedX]()
Link thestickystickman
Timeline Era of the Cold War 1943-91 Link Icarus300400
Timeline Germany 1918-1939 Link Icarus300400
Timeline Transformation of British Society 1931-1951 Link Icarus300400
ICT Revision Guide Link [ArosHD]()
[Link]() []()
If you share a doc, please make it view only or at least have another copy.
Share whatever else you have and I'll add it. Thanks.
submitted by ArosHD to GCSE [link] [comments]

conjugate math symbol video

- YouTube How to write x-bar in Word - YouTube Multiplying Radicals and Then Simplifying - YouTube Introduction to Logarithms (1 of 2: Definition) - YouTube Brian McLogan - YouTube Types of sets - YouTube How to Simplify Radicals (NancyPi) - YouTube Introduction to Limits (NancyPi) - YouTube Graphing Complex Numbers - YouTube

Comprehensive collection of 225+ math symbols used in algebra, categorized by subject and type into tables along with each symbol's name, usage and example. This means, for example, that you cannot put one symbol over another. While this is a serious limitation, multi-level formulas are not always needed and even when they are needed, proper math symbols still look better than improvised ASCII approximations. Compare: ∀(x, y ∈ A ∪ B; x ≠ y) x² − y² ≥ 0 Conjugate[z] or z\[Conjugate] gives the complex conjugate of the complex number z. Pi pi; 3.1415926; ≈22÷7 mathematical constant A=πR 2 =314.16→R=10 σ selection Selection of relational algebra The selection selects all those <: <· cover is covered by order theory subtype is a subtype of type theory T 1 <: T 2 means that T 1 is a subtype of T 2 . conjugate transpose conjugate transpose; adjoint; Hermitian adjoint/conjugate/transpose matrix operations A † means the The list of math symbols can be long. You can’t possibly learn all their meanings in one go, can you? You can make use of our tables to get a hold on all the important ones you’ll ever need. This is an introduction to the name of symbols, their use, and meaning.. The Mathematical symbol is used to denote a function or to signify the relationship between numbers and variables. Math Symbols HTML Math Symbols, Punctuation Symbols; Unit Symbols; Other Symbols; Html ISO-8859-1; Unicode Code; Home / Math Symbols. Math Symbols. Symbol HTML Code HTML Entity Unicode CSS Code Hex Code Description + &#43; &plus; U+0002B \002B &#x2B; Plus Sign Hermitian Conjugate Matrix Examples of Use. The conjugate can be very useful because.. when we multiply something by its conjugate we get squares like this:. How does that help? It can help us move a square root from the bottom of a fraction (the denominator) to the top, or vice versa.Read Rationalizing the Denominator to find out more: Particularly in the realm of complex numbers and irrational numbers, and more specifically when speaking of the roots of polynomials, a conjugate pair is a pair of numbers whose product is an expression of real integers and/or including variables. A complex number example: , a product of 13 An irrational example: , a product of 1. Or: , a product of -25. Often times, in solving for the roots Math Symbols List. List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples. Basic math symbols. Symbol Symbol Name Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition matrix conjugate transpose (A What is a Math Conjugate? A math conjugate is formed by changing the sign between two terms in a binomial. For instance, the conjugate of x + y is x - y. We can also say that x + y is a conjugate...

conjugate math symbol top

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Describes empty, singleton, finite, infinite, universal, equalsets, equivalent sets, subsets, proper subsets, superset, proper superset, power set. How to write the symbol x-bar in Microsoft WordThe symbol x-bar appears commonly in the field of mathematics but most notably in the branch of statistics to ... 👉 Learn how to multiply radicals. A radical is an expression or a number under the root symbol. To multiply radicals with the same root, it is usually easy ... MIT grad shows what a limit is, how to read the notation, what it means on a graph and how to find the limit on a graph. To skip ahead: 1) For how to underst... Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. I teach math from the perspective of the struggling student because that was me & it could be you, too. My videos are short, to-the-point and cover everything from Algebra 1 through Calculus. More resources available at www.misterwootube.com MIT grad shows how to find the limit as x approaches infinity or negative infinity. To skip ahead: 1) For a POLYNOMIAL or CONSTANT in the limit expression, s... MIT grad shows how to simplify radical expressions, specifically square root expressions, into their simplest form ("Simplified Radical Form" or "SRF Form").... This algebra video tutorial explains how to graph complex numbers. It contains plenty of examples and practice problems of plotting complex numbers in stand...

conjugate math symbol

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